Здравствуйте, Уважаемые Студенты! Сегодня мы с Вами работаем по следующим аспектам:
1) Pronunciation - http://usefulenglish.ru/phonetics/practice-intonation-rhythm
2) Reading/Translating - https://www.ck12.org/book/CK-12-Chemistry-Intermediate/section/8.0/ -
а) прочтите и переведите
б) выпишите фразы и слова
в) выполните тесты
3) Listening -http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningenglish/english/features/lingohack/ep-190619
а) ответьте на вопрос
б) прослушайте один раз и ответьте на вопрос согласно программе
в) запишите новые слова
г) составьте пересказ
1) Pronunciation - http://usefulenglish.ru/phonetics/practice-intonation-rhythm
2) Reading/Translating - https://www.ck12.org/book/CK-12-Chemistry-Intermediate/section/8.0/ -
а) прочтите и переведите
б) выпишите фразы и слова
в) выполните тесты
3) Listening -http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningenglish/english/features/lingohack/ep-190619
а) ответьте на вопрос
б) прослушайте один раз и ответьте на вопрос согласно программе
в) запишите новые слова
г) составьте пересказ
Reading - test 1
ОтветитьУдалить1. An atom can have eight valence electrons in maximum.
2. K+ 19p 18e
F- 9p 10e
P3- 15p 18e
Ti4+ 22p 18e
Cd2+ 48p 46e
Cr3+ 24p 21e
3. When a chlorine atom gains an electron, it attains a configuration of a noble gas.
4. Because the majority of transition metals has two electrons on the outermost "s" sublevel to lose.
5. A pseudo noble gas electron configuration refers to elements having 18 electrons instead of just 8 in their outermost electron level when they lose or gain electrons.
6. Li loses 1e
Sr loses 2e
Al loses 3e
Ba loses 2 e
7. Li+ He
Sr2+ Kr
Al3+ Ne
Ba2+ Xe
8. Br gains 1e
S gains 2e
N gains 3e
I gains 1e
9. Br- Kr
S2- Ar
N3- Ne
I- Xe
10. Be 1s2 2s2
Be2+ [He]
Cl 1s2 2s2 2p5
Cl- [Ne]
Se 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p4
Se2- [Kr]
Rb [Kr] 5s1
Rb+ [Kr]
11. Cs+ [Xe]
Y3+ [Kr]
Ni2+ 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s0 3d8
As3- [Kr]
Te2- [Xe]
Ag+ [Kr] 5s0 4d10
Pb4+ [Xe] 6s0 5d10 6p0
Mn2+ [Ar] 4s0 4d5
13. [He] H- Li+
[Ne] O2- Na+ Al3+
[Ar] Ca2+ S2- V5+
[Kr] Sr2+ As3-
[Xe] Ba2+ I- La3+
Test 2
Удалить2. Li2O - ionic
NH3 - ionic
Al2S3 - ionic
ClF - not ionic
SrBr2 - ionic
ZnI2 - ionic
3. Great difference in their electronegativity makes an ionic bond very stable.
4. Electrical conductivity is caused by the directional movement of charged perticles. There is no free electrons in this compound when it is solid, but when it is dissolved it forms moveble ions in a solute.
6. KO2
Ca3N2
BaS
7. A. Coordination number, also called Ligancy, the number of atoms, ions, or molecules that a central atom or ion holds as its nearest neighbours in a complex or coordination compound or in a crystal.
B. Such compound will be equimolecular.
C. A2B
8. A. If the charge of the cation is doubled, an ionic would be more stable.
B. If the size of the cation is increased, an ionic would be less stable.
ПАВЛЕНКО ПОЛИНА
ОтветитьУдалитьReading
1. The eight is the maximum number of valence electrons that an atom can have.
2. K (+): 19 protons, 18 electrons;
F (-): 9 protons, 10 electrons;
P (3-): 15 protons, 18 electrons;
Ti (4+): 22 protons, 18 electrons;
Cd (2+): 48 protons, 46 electrons;
Cr (3+): 24 protons, 21 electrons.
3. When a chlorine atom gains an electron, it achieves the same valence electron configuration as that of a noble gas.
4. The majority of transition metals can form 2+ ions because the most transition metals have two valence electrons, a charge of 2+ is very common for transition metal ions.
5. A pseudo noble gas electron configuration is a configuration with 18 electrons in the outermost principal energy level.
6. Li: 1 electron; Sr: 2 electrons; Al: 3 electrons; Ba: 2 electrons.
7. Li (+), Sr (2+), Al (3+), Ba (2+).
8. Br: 1, S: 2, N: 3, I: 1.
9. Br (-), Sr (2-), N (3-), I (-).
10. Be: 1s22s2
Cl: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5
Se: 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 4
Rb: 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 6 5s 1
11. Cs (+): 1s 22s 22p 63s 23p64s 2 3d 10 4p 6 5s 2 4d 10 5p 6
Y (3+): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6
Ni (2+): 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 6
As (3-): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6
Te (2-): 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 6 5s 2 4d 10 5p 6
Ag (+): 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 6 4d 10
Pb (4+): 1s 22s 22p 63s 23p64s 23d 10 4p 6 5s 24 d10 5p 6 6s 2 4f 14 5d 8
Mn (2+): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d3
Павленко Полина
УдалитьTest 2 - 100%
Test 3 - 87%
Test
ОтветитьУдалить1.8
2.a)19 protons,18 electrons
b)9 protons,10 electrons
c)15 protons,18 electrons
d)22 protons,18 electrons
e)48 protons,46 electrons
f)24 protons,21 electrons
3. When a chlorine atom gains an electron, it doesn’t become an argon atom,it becomes a chlorine-anion and has the same amount of electrons as an argon atom -18.
4.Because most transition metals have two valence electrons, a charge of 2+ is very common for transition metal ions.
5.The resulting configuration with 18 electrons in the outermost principal energy level, is referred to as a pseudo noble gas electron configuration.
6.a)1 b)2 c)3 d)2
7.a)Li+ (He) b)Sr 2+(Kr) c)Al3+ (Ne) d)Ba2+ (Xe)
8.a)1 b)2 c)3 d)1
9.a)Br- (Kr) b)S2-(Ar) c)N3- (Ne) d)I- (Xe)
10.a)2s2 Be2+
b)3s2 3p5 Cl-
c)3d10 4s2 4p4 Se2-
d)5s1 Rb+
11.a)4d105s25p6 b)4d105s25p2 c)3d64s2 d)3d104s24p6 e)4d105s25p6 f)4d10 g)4f145d96s1 h)3d34s2
12.a)pseudo noble b)pseudo noble c)noble d)pseudo noble e)pseudo noble f)noble g) none h)noble
13.-He:Li+,H-
-Ne:O2-,Na+,Al3+
-Ar:V5+,Ca2+,S2-
-Kr:Sr2+,As3-
-Xe:Ba2+,I-,La3+
94%
УдалитьАлимханова
ОтветитьУдалитьTest 2
1. В тетради
2. Li2O - ionic
NH3 - ionic
Al2S3 - ionic
ClF - not ionic
SrBr2 - ionic
ZnI2 - ionic
3. Great difference in their electronegativity makes an ionic bond very stable.
4. Electrical conductivity is caused by the directional movement of charged perticles. There is no free electrons in this compound when it is solid, but when it is dissolved it forms moveble ions in a solute.
6. KO2
Ca3N2
BaS
7. A. Coordination number, also called Ligancy, the number of atoms, ions, or molecules that a central atom or ion holds as its nearest neighbours in a complex or coordination compound or in a crystal.
B. Such compound will be equimolecular.
C. A2B
8. A. If the charge of the cation is doubled, an ionic would be more stable.
B. If the size of the cation is increased, an ionic would be less stable.
96%
Удалить2.c,e,f
ОтветитьУдалитьAn ionic compound is an electrically neutral compound consisting of positive and negative ions
3.It takes a large amount of mechanical force, such as striking a crystal with a hammer, to force one layer of ions to shift relative to its neighbor. However, when that happens, it brings ions of the same charge next to each other. The repulsive forces between ions of the same charge causes the crystal to shatter. When an ionic crystal breaks, it tends to do so along smooth planes because of the regular arrangement of the ions.
4.Despite being ionic and thus composed of charges particles, the solid crystal lattice does not allow the ions to move between the electrodes. Mobile charged particles are required for the circuit to be complete and the light bulb to light up.
6.K2O,Ca3N2,BaS
7.a)The coordination number is the number of ions that immediately surround an ion of the opposite charge within a crystal lattice.
b)Because the coordination numbers are the same,the formula unit must display a 1:1 ratio between the ions.
c)AB2
8.The strength of an ionic bond is directly dependent upon the magnitudes of the charges and inversely dependent on the distance between the charged particles.
a)the bond will be stronger
b)the bond will be weaker
97%
УдалитьАлимханова
ОтветитьУдалитьTest 3
1. b, c.
2. Electrons enter one end of a piece of metal, an equal number of electrons flow outward from the other end. When light is shone onto the surface of a metal, its electrons absorb small amounts of energy and become excited into one of its many empty orbitals. The electrons immediately fall back down to lower energy levels and emit light. This process is responsible for the high luster of metals
3. Metals conduct electricity very well because of their free-flowing electrons.
4. The body-centered cubic (bcc) structure (Fe, V, Cr) . In that crystal, metal atoms occupy the eight corners of a cube along with one atom in the very center. The coordination number of each atom in the body-centered cubic structure is 8. In the face-centered cubic (fcc) structure, there are eight atoms at each corner of the cube and six atoms in the center of each face (Al, Ni, Ag). The coordination number of each atom in the face-centered cubic structure is 12. The atoms in a hexagonal close-packed (hcp) structure also have a coordination number of 12, but crystals of this type are hexagonally shaped rather than cubic (Ti, Zn, Mg).
5. Application of a force results in like-charged ions in the crystal coming too close to one another, causing the crystal to shatter. When a force is applied to a metal, the free-flowing electrons can slip in between the stationary cations and prevent them from coming in contact. As a result, metals are very malleable and ductile.
6. Strength, hardness, and resistance to corrosion are some advantages of using steel rather than iron.
7. Sodium has stronger metallic bonds. The metallic bonding model explains the physical properties of metals, such as luster, malleability, ductility, and excellent conductivity. You could test your hypothesis comparing these properties.
8.8 are the coordination numbers of a metal atom in a body-centered cubic structure and 12 are in a face-centered cubic structure. In face-centered cubic structure the atoms are more closely packed. Iridium is more likely to crystallize in face-centered cubic structure.
88%
Удалить1. An atom can have eight valence electrons in maximum.
ОтветитьУдалить2. 19p, 18e
9p, 10e
15p, 18e
22p, 18e
48p, 46e
24p, 21e
3. When a chlorine atom gains an electron, it attains a configuration of a noble gas.
4. The majority of transition metals has two electrons on the outermost "s" sublevel to lose.
5. A pseudo noble gas electron configuration refers to elements having 18 electrons instead of just 8 in their outermost electron level when they lose or gain electrons.
6. 1e
2e
3e
2 e
100%
ОтветитьУдалитьTest 1
ОтветитьУдалить1.8 valence electrons
2.a)19 protons,18 electrons
b)9 protons,10 electrons
c)15 protons,18 electrons
d)22 protons,18 electrons
e)48 protons,46 electrons
f)24 protons,21 electrons
3.When a chlorine atom gains an electron, it attains a configuration of a noble gas.
4.The majority of transition metals can form 2+ ions because the most transition metals have two valence electrons, a charge of 2+ is very common for transition metal ions.
5.A pseudo noble gas electron configuration refers to elements having 18 electrons instead of just 8 in their outermost electron level when they lose or gain electrons.
6. Li: 1 electron;
Sr: 2 electrons;
Al: 3 electrons;
Ba: 2 electrons.
7. a)Li+ (He) b)Sr 2+(Kr) c)Al3+ (Ne) d)Ba2+ (Xe)
8. a)1 b)2 c)3 d)1
9. Br (-), Sr (2-), N (3-), I (-).
10. Be: 1s22s2 Cl: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5; Se:1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 4. Rb: 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 6 5s 1
11. a)4d105s25p6 b)4d105s25p2 c)3d64s2 d)3d104s24p6 e)4d105s25p6 f)4d10. g)4f145d96s1 h)3d34s2
12. a)pseudo noble b)pseudo noble c)noble d)pseudo noble e)pseudo noble f)noble g) none h)noble
13. [He] H- Li+
[Ne] O2- Na+ Al3+
[Ar] Ca2+ S2- V5+
[Kr] Sr2+ As3-
[Xe] Ba2+ I- La3+
Test 2
Удалить2)a, c,e,f
3 )Great difference in their electronegativity makes an ionic bond very stable
4). KF is ionic, so it is composed of ions. As a solid, the ions are not mobile, but after dissolving the ions can move between the electrodes.
6)K2O,Ca3N2,BaS
7)1.Coordination number, also called Ligancy, the number of atoms, ions, or molecules that a central atom or ion holds as its nearest neighbours in a complex or coordination compound or in a crystal.
2.Such compound will be equimolecular.
3.A2B
8)a. The ionic bond will be stronger because attractive force increases as the amount of charge increases.
b. If the size of the cation is increased, an ionic bond will be weaker.
Test 3
Удалить1)b,c
2)The electrons in the outer energy levels of a metal are mobile and capable of drifting from one metal atom to another.Electrons which are capable of moving freely throughout the empty orbitals of the metallic crystal are called delocalized electrons.When light is shone onto the surface of a metal, its electrons absorb small amounts of energy and become excited into one of its many empty orbitals. The electrons immediately fall back down to lower energy levels and emit light.
3)Metals conduct electricity and heat very well because of their free-flowing electrons.
4)the body-centered cubic structure. In that crystal, metal atoms occupy the eight corners of a cube along with one atom in the very center. The coordination number of each atom in the body-centered cubic structure is 8.(Fe)
In the face-centered cubic structure, there are eight atoms at each corner of the cube and six atoms in the center of each face. The coordination number of each atom in the face-centered cubic structure is 12. (Ni)
The atoms in a hexagonal close-packed (hcp) structure also have a coordination number of 12, but crystals of this type are hexagonally shaped rather than cubic.(Mg)
5)Ionic compounds are very brittle. Application of a force results in like-charged ions in the crystal coming too close to one another, causing the crystal to shatter. When a force is applied to a metal, the free-flowing electrons can slip in between the stationary cations and prevent them from coming in contact. Imagine ball bearings that have been coated with oil sliding past one another. As a result, metals are very malleable and ductile.
6) The many types of steels are primarily composed of iron, with various amounts of the elements carbon, chromium, manganese, nickel, molybdenum, and boron. Steels are widely used in building construction because of their strength, hardness, and resistance to corrosion.
7)The metallic bonding model explains the physical properties of metals, such as luster, malleability, ductility, and excellent conductivity. You could test your hypothesis comparing these properties.
8)8 are the coordination numbers of a metal atom in a body-centered cubic structure and 12 are in a face-centered cubic structure.
Iridium is more likely to crystallize in face-centered cubic structure.
1)An atom can have eight valence electrons in maximum.
ОтветитьУдалить2)K+ 19p 18e
F- 9p 10e
P3- 15p 18e
Ti4+ 22p 18e
Cd2+ 48p 46e
Cr3+ 24p 21e
3.)When a chlorine atom gains an electron, it attains a configuration of a noble gas.
4)Because the majority of transition metals has two electrons on the outermost "s" sublevel to lose.
5)A pseudo noble gas electron configuration refers to elements having 18 electrons instead of just 8 in their outermost electron level when they lose or gain electrons.
6)Li 1e Sr 2e Al 3e Ba 2 e
7)Li+ (He)
Sr2+ (Kr)
Al3+ (Ne)
Ba2+ (Xe)
8)Br 1e S 2e N 3e I 1e
9)Br- (Kr)
S2- (Ar)
N3- (Ne)
I- (Xe)
10. Be 1s(2)2s(2)
Be2+ (He)
Cl 1s(2)2s(2)2p(5)
Cl- (Ne)
Se 1s(2)2s(2)2p(6)3s(2)3p(6)4s(2)3d(10)4p(4)
Se2- (Kr)
Rb 1s(2)2s(2)2p(6)3s(2)3p(6)4s(2)3d(10)4p(4)5s(1)
Rb+ (Kr)
11)Cs+ (Xe)
Y3+ (Kr)
Ni2+ 1s(2)2s(2)2p(6)3s(2)3p(6)4s(0)3d(8)
As3- (Kr)
Te2- (Xe)
Ag+ (Kr)5s(0)4d(10)
Pb4+ (Xe)6s(0)5d(10)6p(0)
Mn2+ (Ar)4s(0)4d(5)
13)(He)H- Li+
(Ne)O2- Na+ Al3+
(Ar) Ca2+ S2- V5+
(Kr) Sr2+ As3-
(Xe) Ba2+ I- La3+
Test 2
Удалить2)Li2O-ionic bond NH3-ionic bond Al2S3 -ionic bond ClF-not ionic bond SrBr2-ionic bond ZnI-not ionic bond
3) Ionic compounds are generally hard but brittle. It’s because it takes a large amount of mechanical force, such as striking a crystal with a hammer, to force one layer of ions to shift relative to its neighbor.
4)
6)K2O Ca3N2 BaS
7)a. The coordination number is the number of ions that immediately surround an ion of the opposite charge within a crystal lattice.
b. If the coordination numbers must be the same, the formula unit displays a 1:1 ratio
c. AB2
8)a.ionic bond would be stronger
b. ionic bond would be weaker
TEST 8.1.
ОтветитьУдалить1) The maximum number of valence electrons an atom can have is eight .
2) a K+ 19 protons 18 electrons
b F- 9 protons 10 electrons
c P3- 15 protons 18 electrons
d Ti4+ 22 protons 18 electrons
e Cd2+ 48 protons 46 electrons
f Cr3+ 24 protons 21 electrons
3) When a chlorine atom gains an electron, it attains a argon-like configuration of a noble gas.
4) The majority of transition metals form 2+ ions because the majority of transition metals has two valence electrons on the outermost s sublevel.
5) A pseudo noble gas electron configuration refers to a configuration of 18 electrons in the outermost electron level atom acquire after losing or gaining electrons.
6) a Li 1
b Sr 2
c Al 3
d Ba 2
7) a Li+ He
b Sr2+ Kr
c Al3+ Ne
d Ba2+ Xe
8) a Br 1
b S 2
c N 3
d I 1
9) a Br- Kr
b S2- Ar
c N3- Ne
d I- Xe
10) a Be 1s2 2s2 / Be2+ 1s2
b Cl 1s2 2s2 2p5 / Cl-1s2 2s2 2p6
c Se 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p4 / Se2- 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6
d Rb 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 5s1 / Rb+ 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6
11) a Cs+ 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2 5p6
b Y3+ 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6
c Ni2+ 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d8
d As3- 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6
e Te2- 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s 2 4p6 4d10 5s2 5p6
f Ag+ 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10
g Pb4+ 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2 5p6 4f14 5d10
h Mn2+ 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5
12) a 2
b 2
c 1
d 2
e 2
f 2
g 2
h 1
13) He: H- Li+
Ne: O2- Na+ Al3+
Ar: Ca2+ S2- V5+
Kr: Sr2+ As3-
Xe: Ba2+ I- La3+
TEST 8.2
Удалить2) c
e
f
3) Ionic crystalline lattice is very stable due to electrostatic forces appearing between opposite-charged ions, but when one layer of ions affected by a great force shifts, it brings ions of the same charge next to each other. The repulsive forces between ions of the same charge causes the crystal to shatter.
4) Despite consisting of ions the crystal does not allow electrons to move in order to maintain a solid form, but when dissolved the ions become mobile, so the current may circulate as it is a directional movement of charged particles
6) a KO2
b Ca3N2
c BaS
7) a Coordination number is a number of opposite-charged ions surrounding a central ion in a complex compound or in a crystalline lattice.
b the formula unit will be AB.
c A2B
8) a If the charge of the cation is doubled, an ionic bond will be stronger.
b If the size of the cation is increased, an ionic bond will be weaker.
Test part 3
ОтветитьУдалить1.b and c
2.The electrons in the outer energy levels of a metal are mobile and capable of drifting from one metal atom to another. This means that the metal is more properly viewed as an array of positive ions surrounded by a “sea of mobile valence electrons.” Electrons which are capable of moving freely throughout the empty orbitals of the metallic crystal are called delocalized electrons.
3.The metallic bonding model explains the physical properties of metals. Metals conduct electricity and heat very well because of their free-flowing electrons.
4.body-centered cubic (bcc) structure (Fe,V,Nb,Cr),face-centered cubic (fcc) structure (Al,Ag Ni,Cu,Au),hexagonal close-packed (hcp) structure(Ti,Zn,Mg,Cd)
5.Application of a force results in like-charged ions in the crystal coming too close to one another, causing the crystal to shatter. When a force is applied to a metal, the free-flowing electrons can slip in between the stationary cations and prevent them from coming in contact. Imagine ball bearings that have been coated with oil sliding past one another. As a result, metals are very malleable and ductile. They can be hammered into shapes, rolled into thin sheets, or pulled into thin wires.
6.Steels are widely used in building construction because of their strength, hardness, and resistance to corrosion. Most large modern structures like skyscrapers and stadiums are supported by a steel skeleton.
7.Na,by comparing physical properties of both metals
8.8,12(more closely packed)
face)centred cubic
In my opinion recycled polyester costs more because the process demands more energy and other recourses.
ОтветитьУдалитьАлимханова
ОтветитьУдалитьRecycled polyester is costs more because recycling is always energy demanded and expensive process.
1) costs
Удалить2) demands energy
3) an expensive
The cost of recycled polyester is about ten to twenty percent higher than traditional thread. But as factories increase capacity to meet growing demand, the price of recycled material is coming down.
ОтветитьУдалитьАлимханоаа
ОтветитьУдалитьThe cost of recycled polyester is about ten to twenty percent higher than traditional thread. But as factories increase capacity to meet growing demand, the price of recycled material is coming down.
Горохова Виктория
ОтветитьУдалитьTest 8.1
1. The maximum number of valence electrons that an atom can have is 8.
2. a) 19p, 18e
b) 9p, 10e
c) 15p, 18e
d) 22p, 18e
e) 48p, 46e
f) 24p, 21e
3. It is wrong because they become isoelectronic atoms but not the same atom.
4. Because most of transition metals have 2 valence electrons, a charge of 2+ is very common for transition metals.
5. A pseudo noble gas electron configuration refers to elements having 18e instead of just 8.
6. a) 1e
b) 2e
c) 3e
d) 2e
7. a) Li+; He
b) Sr2+; Kr
c) Al3+; Ne
d) Ba2+; Xe
8. a) 1e
b) 2e
c) 3e
d) 1e
9. a) Br-; Kr
b) S2-; Ar
c) N3-; Ne
d) I-; Xe
10. a) Be: 1s2 2s2 (Be2+)
b) Cl: 1s2 2s2 2p5 / Cl-1s2 2s2 2p6
c) Se: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p4 (Se2-)
d) Rb: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 5s1 (Rb+)
11. a) Cs +: 1s 22s 22p 63s 23p64s 2 3d 10 4p 6 5s 2 4d 10 5p 6
b) Y3+: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6
c) Ni2+: 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 6
d) As3-: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6
e) Te2-: 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 6 5s 2 4d 10 5p 6
f) Ag+: 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 6 4d 10
g) Pb4+: 1s 22s 22p 63s 23p64s 23d 10 4p 6 5s 24 d10 5p 6 6s 2 4f 14 5d 8
h) Mn2+: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d3
12. a)pseudo noble
b)pseudo noble
c)noble
d)pseudo noble
e)pseudo noble
f)noble
g) none
h)noble
13. 1) He: Li+, H-
2) Ne: O2-, Na+, Al3+
3) Ar: V5+, Ca2+, S2-
4) Kr: Sr2+, As3-
5) Xe: Ba2+, I-, La2+
92%
Test 8.1
ОтветитьУдалить1) An atom can have eight valence electrons in maximum.
2) K+ 19p 18e
F- 9p 10e
P3- 15p 18e
Ti4+ 22p 18e
Cd2+ 48p 46e
Cr3+ 24p 21e
3) When a chlorine atom gains an electron, it attains a configuration of a noble gas.
4) Because the majority of transition metals has two electrons on the outermost "s" sublevel to lose.
5) A pseudo noble gas electron configuration refers to elements having 18 electrons instead of just 8 in their outermost electron level when they lose or gain electrons.
6) Li loses 1e
Sr loses 2e
Al loses 3e
Ba loses 2 e
7) Li+ He
Sr2+ Kr
Al3+ Ne
Ba2+ Xe
8) Br gains 1e
S gains 2e
N gains 3e
I gains 1e
9) Br- Kr
S2- Ar
N3- Ne
I- Xe
10) Be 1s2 2s2
Be2+ [He]
Cl 1s2 2s2 2p5
Cl- [Ne]
Se 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p4
Se2- [Kr]
Rb [Kr] 5s1
Rb+ [Kr]
11) Cs+ [Xe]
Y3+ [Kr]
Ni2+ 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s0 3d8
As3- [Kr]
Te2- [Xe]
Ag+ [Kr] 5s0 4d10
Pb4+ [Xe] 6s0 5d10 6p0
Mn2+ [Ar] 4s0 4d5
12) a)pseudo noble
b)pseudo noble
c)noble
d)pseudo noble
e)pseudo noble
f)noble
g) none
h)noble
13) [He] H- Li+
[Ne] O2- Na+ Al3+
[Ar] Ca2+ S2- V5+
[Kr] Sr2+ As3-
[Xe] Ba2+ I- La3+
Test 8.2
ОтветитьУдалить2) c,e,f
3) Ionic crystalline lattice is very stable due to electrostatic forces appearing between opposite-charged ions, but when one layer of ions affected by a great force shifts, it brings ions of the same charge next to each other. The repulsive forces between ions of the same charge causes the crystal to shatter.
4) Despite consisting of ions the crystal does not allow electrons to move in order to maintain a solid form, but when dissolved the ions become mobile, so the current may circulate as it is a directional movement of charged particles
6) a) K2O, b) Ca3N2, c) BaS
7) a) Coordination number is a number of opposite-charged ions surrounding a central ion in a complex compound or in a crystalline lattice.
b) the formula unit will be AB.
c) A2B
8) a) an ionic bond will be stronger.
b) an ionic bond will be weaker.
Test 8.3
ОтветитьУдалить1) b, c.
2) Electrons enter one end of a piece of metal, an equal number of electrons flow outward from the other end. When light is shone onto the surface of a metal, its electrons absorb small amounts of energy and become excited into one of its many empty orbitals. The electrons immediately fall back down to lower energy levels and emit light. This process is responsible for the high luster of metals
3) Metals conduct electricity very well because of their free-flowing electrons.
4) The body-centered cubic (bcc) structure (Fe, V, Cr) . In that crystal, metal atoms occupy the eight corners of a cube along with one atom in the very center. The coordination number of each atom in the body-centered cubic structure is 8. In the face-centered cubic (fcc) structure, there are eight atoms at each corner of the cube and six atoms in the center of each face (Al, Ni, Ag). The coordination number of each atom in the face-centered cubic structure is 12. The atoms in a hexagonal close-packed (hcp) structure also have a coordination number of 12, but crystals of this type are hexagonally shaped rather than cubic (Ti, Zn, Mg).
5) Application of a force results in like-charged ions in the crystal coming too close to one another, causing the crystal to shatter. When a force is applied to a metal, the free-flowing electrons can slip in between the stationary cations and prevent them from coming in contact. As a result, metals are very malleable and ductile.
6) Strength, hardness, and resistance to corrosion are some advantages of using steel rather than iron.
7) Sodium has stronger metallic bonds. The metallic bonding model explains the physical properties of metals, such as luster, malleability, ductility, and excellent conductivity. You could test your hypothesis comparing these properties.
8) 8 are the coordination numbers of a metal atom in a body-centered cubic structure and 12 are in a face-centered cubic structure. In face-centered cubic structure the atoms are more closely packed. Iridium is more likely to crystallize in face-centered cubic structure.
I suppose that recycled polyester costs more because the process demands more energy and other recourses.
ОтветитьУдалить1) recycling polyester
УдалитьThe cost of recycled polyester is about ten to twenty percent higher than traditional thread – although the price is coming down.
ОтветитьУдалитьОтлично.
ОтветитьУдалитьtest 1
ОтветитьУдалить1. An atom can have eight valence electrons
2. K+ 19p 18e
F- 9p 10e
P3- 15p 18e
Ti4+ 22p 18e
Cd2+ 48p 46e
Cr3+ 24p 21e
3. When a chlorine atom gains an electron, it attains a configuration of a noble gas.
4. Because the majority of transition metals has two electrons on the s sublevel
5. A pseudo noble gas electron configuration refers to elements having 18 electrons instead of just 8 in their outermost electron level when they lose or gain electrons.
6. Li loses 1e
Sr loses 2e
Al loses 3e
Ba loses 2 e
7. Li+ He
Sr2+ Kr
Al3+ Ne
Ba2+ Xe
8. Br gains 1e
S gains 2e
N gains 3e
I gains 1e
9. Br- Kr
S2- Ar
N3- Ne
I- Xe
10. Be 1s2 2s2
Be2+ [He]
Cl 1s2 2s2 2p5
Cl- [Ne]
Se 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p4
Se2- [Kr]
Rb [Kr] 5s1
Rb+ [Kr]
11. Cs+ [Xe]
Y3+ [Kr]
Ni2+ 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s0 3d8
As3- [Kr]
Te2- [Xe]
Ag+ [Kr] 5s0 4d10
Pb4+ [Xe] 6s0 5d10 6p0
Mn2+ [Ar] 4s0 4d5
13. [He] H- Li+
[Ne] O2- Na+ Al3+
[Ar] Ca2+ S2- V5+
[Kr] Sr2+ As3-
[Xe] Ba2+ I- La3+
Test 2
2. c,e,f
An ionic compound is an electrically neutral compound consisting of positive and negative ions
3.It takes a large amount of mechanical force, such as striking a crystal with a hammer, to force one layer of ions to shift relative to its neighbour. However, when that happens, it brings ions of the same charge next to each other. The repulsive forces between ions of the same charge causes the crystal to shatter. When an ionic crystal breaks, it tends to do so along smooth planes because of the regular arrangement of the ions.
4.the crystal lattice has been broken apart and the individual positive and negative ions can move. Cations move to one electrode, while anions move to the other, allowing electricity to flow
6.K2O,Ca3N2,BaS
7.a)The coordination number is the number of ions that immediately surround an ion of the opposite charge within a crystal lattice.
b)Because the coordination numbers are the same, the formula unit must display a 1:1 ratio between the ions.
c)AB2
8.The strength of an ionic bond is directly dependent upon the magnitudes of the charges and inversely dependent on the distance between the charged particles.
a)the bond will be stronger
b)the bond will be weaker
test 3
1.b , c
2.The electrons in the outer energy levels of a metal are mobile and capable of drifting from one metal atom to another. This means that the metal is more properly viewed as an array of positive ions surrounded by a “sea of mobile valence electrons.” Electrons which are capable of moving freely throughout the empty orbitals of the metallic crystal are called delocalized electrons . A metallic bond is the attraction of the stationary metal cations to the surrounding mobile electrons.
3.The metallic bonding model explains the physical properties of metals. Metals conduct electricity and heat very well because of their free-flowing electrons.
4.body-centered cubic (bcc) structure (Fe,V,Nb,Cr),face-centered cubic (fcc) structure (Al,Ag Ni,Cu,Au),hexagonal close-packed (hcp) structure(Ti,Zn,Mg,Cd)
5.Recall that ionic compounds are very brittle. Application of a force results in like-charged ions in the crystal coming too close to one another, causing the crystal to shatter. When a force is applied to a metal, the free-flowing electrons can slip in between the stationary cations and prevent them from coming in contact. Imagine ball bearings that have been coated with oil sliding past one another. As a result, metals are very malleable and ductile.
6.Steels are widely used in building construction because of their strength, hardness, and resistance to corrosion. Most large modern structures like skyscrapers and stadiums are supported by a steel skeleton.
7.Na,by comparing physical properties of both metals
8.8,12(more closely packed)
face-centred cubic
reading
ОтветитьУдалитьThe cost of recycled polyester is about ten to twenty percent higher than traditional thread. But as factories increase capacity to meet growing demand, the price of recycled material is coming down
Nowadays people face with problem of plastic waste. And we are trying to reduce the rate of plastic danger.
ОтветитьУдалитьPolyester is the main material for textiles and clothes. And today many factories produce thread that isn't spun from traditional yarn - it's made of plastic waste.
Although we solve the environmental problem of waste, the another problem appears. The cost of recycled polyester is about twenty percent higher than traditional thread. But it's said that if we began to expand the manufacturing of recycled polyester, the cost of this material will decrease.
Reading
ОтветитьУдалить1) Eight is the maximum number of valence electrons that an atom can have/
2) a. p=19 e=18
b. p=9, e=10
c. p=15, e=18
d. p=22, e=18
e. p=48, e=46
f. p=24, e=21
3) When a chlorine atom gains an electron, it becomes ion with the same amount electrons like an argon atom.
4) The majority of transition metals can form 2+ ions, because transition metals lose their valence s-sublevel electrons before they lose their d-sublevel electrons. Two electrons can be on s-sublevel.
5) The configuration above, with 18 electrons in the outermost principal energy level, is referred to as a pseudo noble gas electron configuration.
6) a. 1; b. 2; c.3; d. 2.
7) a. Li+ , He; b. Sr2+ , Kr; c. Al3+ , Ne; d. Ba2+ , Xe.
8) a. 1; b. 2; c.3; d. 1.
9) a. Br- , Kr; b. S2- , Ar; c. N3- , Ne; d. I- , Xe.
10) a. 2s(2) Be2+; b. 3s(2)3p(5) Cl-; c. 3d(10)4s(2)4p(4) Se2-; d. 5s(1) Rb+.
11) a. 4d(10)5s(2)5p(6); b. 3d(10)4s(2)4p(6); c. 3d(6)4s(2); d. 3d(10)4s(2)4p(6); e. 4d(10)5s(2)5p(6); f. 4d(10)5s(0); g. 5d(9)6s(1); h. 3d(3)4s(2).
12) a. pseudo noble; b. pseudo noble ; c. noble; d. pseudo noble;e. pseudo noble ; f. noble ; g. noble ; h. noble.
13) Ne: O2- ; Na+; Al3+;
Kr: Sr2+; As3-;
Ar: Ca2+; V5+; S2-;
He: H-; Li+;
Xe: I-; Ba2+; La3+
Test 1
ОтветитьУдалить1.8 valence electrons
2.a)19 protons,18 electrons
b)9 protons,10 electrons
c)15 protons,18 electrons
d)22 protons,18 electrons
e)48 protons,46 electrons
f)24 protons,21 electrons
3.When a chlorine atom gains an electron, it attains a configuration of a noble gas.
4.The majority of transition metals can form 2+ ions because the most transition metals have two valence electrons, a charge of 2+ is very common for transition metal ions.
5.A pseudo noble gas electron configuration refers to elements having 18 electrons instead of just 8 in their outermost electron level when they lose or gain electrons.
6. Li: 1 electron;
Sr: 2 electrons;
Al: 3 electrons;
Ba: 2 electrons.
7. a)Li+ (He) b)Sr 2+(Kr) c)Al3+ (Ne) d)Ba2+ (Xe)
8. a)1 b)2 c)3 d)1
9. Br (-), Sr (2-), N (3-), I (-).
10. Be: 1s22s2 Cl: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5; Se:1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 4. Rb: 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 6 5s 1
11. a)4d105s25p6 b)4d105s25p2 c)3d64s2 d)3d104s24p6 e)4d105s25p6 f)4d10. g)4f145d96s1 h)3d34s2
12. a)pseudo noble b)pseudo noble c)noble d)pseudo noble e)pseudo noble f)noble g) none h)noble
13. [He] H- Li+
[Ne] O2- Na+ Al3+
[Ar] Ca2+ S2- V5+
[Kr] Sr2+ As3-
[Xe] Ba2+ I- La3+
est 2
ОтветитьУдалить1. В тетради
2. Li2O - ionic
NH3 - ionic
Al2S3 - ionic
ClF - not ionic
SrBr2 - ionic
ZnI2 - ionic
3. Great difference in their electronegativity makes an ionic bond very stable.
4. Electrical conductivity is caused by the directional movement of charged perticles. There is no free electrons in this compound when it is solid, but when it is dissolved it forms moveble ions in a solute.
6. KO2
Ca3N2
BaS
7. A. Coordination number, also called Ligancy, the number of atoms, ions, or molecules that a central atom or ion holds as its nearest neighbours in a complex or coordination compound or in a crystal.
B. Such compound will be equimolecular.
C. A2B
8. A. If the charge of the cation is doubled, an ionic would be more stable.
B. If the size of the cation is increased, an ionic would be less stable.
Алимханова
ОтветитьУдалитьToday we are living in the world, where we have all what we want. We can satisfy all our needs. Clothes, gadgets, everyday items are made of synthetic polymers. Polymer chemistry allows to obtain more elastic, stable, durable materials than natural. But the plastic world has a downside. Millions tons of non-recyclable plastic fill the oceans, forests, destroy flora and fauna. India has one of the biggest plastic problems in the world, with trash spilling out onto beaches and piling up in cities. However, many people are trying to solve this problem. Commitments like the one made by Adidas might be a step in the right direction. The cost of recycled polyester is about ten to twenty percent higher than traditional thread. But as factories increase capacity to meet growing demand, the price of recycled material is coming down.
I think that being eco-friendly is very difficult. Plastic surrounds us everywhere! You should not go headlong into recycling ideas, because often recycling plastic is not an environmentally friendly event. Minimize plastic consumption by replacing it with wood, metal or cotton.
1) An atom can have eight valence electrons in maximum.
ОтветитьУдалить2) K+ 19p 18e
F- 9p 10e
P3- 15p 18e
Ti4+ 22p 18e
Cd2+ 48p 46e
Cr3+ 24p 21e
3) When a chlorine atom gains an electron, it attains a configuration of a noble gas.
4) Because the majority of transition metals has two electrons on the outermost "s" sublevel to lose.
5) A pseudo noble gas electron configuration refers to elements having 18 electrons instead of just 8 in their outermost electron level when they lose or gain electrons.
6) Li loses 1e
Sr loses 2e
Al loses 3e
Ba loses 2 e
7) Li+ He
Sr2+ Kr
Al3+ Ne
Ba2+ Xe
8) Br gains 1e
S gains 2e
N gains 3e
I gains 1e
9) Br- Kr
S2- Ar
N3- Ne
I- Xe
10) Be 1s2 2s2
Be2+ [He]
Cl 1s2 2s2 2p5
Cl- [Ne]
Se 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p4
Se2- [Kr]
Rb [Kr] 5s1
Rb+ [Kr]
11) Cs+ [Xe]
Y3+ [Kr]
Ni2+ 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s0 3d8
As3- [Kr]
Te2- [Xe]
Ag+ [Kr] 5s0 4d10
Pb4+ [Xe] 6s0 5d10 6p0
Mn2+ [Ar] 4s0 4d5
12) a)pseudo noble
b)pseudo noble
c)noble
d)pseudo noble
e)pseudo noble
f)noble
g) none
h)noble
13) [He] H- Li+
[Ne] O2- Na+ Al3+
[Ar] Ca2+ S2- V5+
[Kr] Sr2+ As3-
[Xe] Ba2+ I- La3+
Test 2
ОтветитьУдалить2)a, c,e,f
3 )Great difference in their electronegativity makes an ionic bond very stable
4). KF is ionic, so it is composed of ions. As a solid, the ions are not mobile, but after dissolving the ions can move between the electrodes.
6)K2O,Ca3N2,BaS
7)1.Coordination number, also called Ligancy, the number of atoms, ions, or molecules that a central atom or ion holds as its nearest neighbours in a complex or coordination compound or in a crystal.
2.Such compound will be equimolecular.
3.A2B
8)a. The ionic bond will be stronger because attractive force increases as the amount of charge increases.
b. If the size of the cation is increased, an ionic bond will be weaker.
Reading, test 8.1
ОтветитьУдалить1. The maximum number of valence electrons an atom can have is eight .
2.
a) K+ 19 protons 18 electrons
b) F- 9 protons 10 electrons
c) P(3-) 15 protons 18 electrons
d) Ti(4+) 22 protons 18 electrons
e) Cd(2+) 48 protons 46 electrons
f )Cr(3+) 24 protons 21 electrons
3. When a chlorine atom gains an electron, it attains a configuration of a noble gas (argon).
4. The majority of transition metals can form 2+ ions because the most transition metals have two valence electrons, a charge of 2+ is very common for transition metal ions.
5. A pseudo noble gas electron configuration refers to elements having 18 electrons instead of just 8 in their outermost electron level when they lose or gain electrons.
6. a) Li: 1 e
b) Sr: 2 e
c) Al: 3 e
d) Ba: 2 e
7. a) Li+ He
b) Sr(2+) Kr
c) Al(3+) Ne
d) Ba(2+) Xe
8. a) 1e b) 2e c) 3e d) 4e
9. a) Br- Kr
b) S(2-) Ar
c) N(3-) Ne
d) I(-) Xe
10.
a) Be 1s2 2s2
Be(2+) 1s2
b) Cl 1s2 2s2 2p5
Cl- 1s2 2s2 2p6
c) Se 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p4
Se(2-) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6
d) Rb 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 5s1
Rb+ 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6
11.
a) Cs+ 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2 5p6
b) Y(3+)
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6
c) Ni(2+) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d8
d) As(3-) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6
e) Te(2-) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s 2 4p6 4d10 5s2 5p6
f) Ag+ 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10
g) Pb(4+) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2 5p6 4f14 5d10
h) Mn(2+) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5
12. a) 1 b) 2 c) 1 d) 1 e) 1 f) 1 g) 2 h) 2
13.
He: H- Li+
Ne: O(2-) Na+ Al(3+)
Ar: Ca(2+) V(5+) S(2-)
Kr: Sr(2+) As(3-)
Xe: I- Ba(2+) La(3+)
Reading - test 1
ОтветитьУдалить1. An atom can have eight valence electrons in maximum.
2. K+ 19p 18e
F- 9p 10e
P3- 15p 18e
Ti4+ 22p 18e
Cd2+ 48p 46e
Cr3+ 24p 21e
3. When a chlorine atom gains an electron, it attains a configuration of a noble gas.
4. Because the majority of transition metals has two electrons on the outermost "s" sublevel to lose.
5. A pseudo noble gas electron configuration refers to elements having 18 electrons instead of just 8 in their outermost electron level when they lose or gain electrons.
6. Li loses 1e
Sr loses 2e
Al loses 3e
Ba loses 2 e
7. Li+ He
Sr2+ Kr
Al3+ Ne
Ba2+ Xe
8. Br gains 1e
S gains 2e
N gains 3e
I gains 1e
9. Br- Kr
S2- Ar
N3- Ne
I- Xe
10. Be 1s2 2s2
Be2+ [He]
Cl 1s2 2s2 2p5
Cl- [Ne]
Se 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p4
Se2- [Kr]
Rb [Kr] 5s1
Rb+ [Kr]
11. Cs+ [Xe]
Y3+ [Kr]
Ni2+ 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s0 3d8
As3- [Kr]
Te2- [Xe]
Ag+ [Kr] 5s0 4d10
Pb4+ [Xe] 6s0 5d10 6p0
Mn2+ [Ar] 4s0 4d5
12. a)pseudo noble b)pseudo noble c)noble d)pseudo noble e)pseudo noble f)noble g) none h)noble
13. [He] H- Li+
[Ne] O2- Na+ Al3+
[Ar] Ca2+ S2- V5+
[Kr] Sr2+ As3-
[Xe] Ba2+ I- La3+
Test 2
2)a, c,e,f
3 )Great difference in their electronegativity makes an ionic bond very stable
4). KF is ionic, so it is composed of ions. As a solid, the ions are not mobile, but after dissolving the ions can move between the electrodes.
6)K2O,Ca3N2,BaS
7)1.Coordination number, also called Ligancy, the number of atoms, ions, or molecules that a central atom or ion holds as its nearest neighbours in a complex or coordination compound or in a crystal.
2.Such compound will be equimolecular.
3.A2B
8)a. The ionic bond will be stronger because attractive force increases as the amount of charge increases.
b. If the size of the cation is increased, an ionic bond will be weaker.
Test 3
Удалить1)b,c
2)The electrons in the outer energy levels of a metal are mobile and capable of drifting from one metal atom to another.Electrons which are capable of moving freely throughout the empty orbitals of the metallic crystal are called delocalized electrons.When light is shone onto the surface of a metal, its electrons absorb small amounts of energy and become excited into one of its many empty orbitals. The electrons immediately fall back down to lower energy levels and emit light.
3)Metals conduct electricity and heat very well because of their free-flowing electrons.
4)the body-centered cubic structure. In that crystal, metal atoms occupy the eight corners of a cube along with one atom in the very center. The coordination number of each atom in the body-centered cubic structure is 8.(Fe)
In the face-centered cubic structure, there are eight atoms at each corner of the cube and six atoms in the center of each face. The coordination number of each atom in the face-centered cubic structure is 12. (Ni)
The atoms in a hexagonal close-packed (hcp) structure also have a coordination number of 12, but crystals of this type are hexagonally shaped rather than cubic.(Mg)
5)Ionic compounds are very brittle. Application of a force results in like-charged ions in the crystal coming too close to one another, causing the crystal to shatter. When a force is applied to a metal, the free-flowing electrons can slip in between the stationary cations and prevent them from coming in contact. Imagine ball bearings that have been coated with oil sliding past one another. As a result, metals are very malleable and ductile.
6) The many types of steels are primarily composed of iron, with various amounts of the elements carbon, chromium, manganese, nickel, molybdenum, and boron. Steels are widely used in building construction because of their strength, hardness, and resistance to corrosion.
7)The metallic bonding model explains the physical properties of metals, such as luster, malleability, ductility, and excellent conductivity. You could test your hypothesis comparing these properties.
8)8 are the coordination numbers of a metal atom in a body-centered cubic structure and 12 are in a face-centered cubic structure.
Iridium is more likely to crystallize in face-centered cubic structure.
Nowadays people face with problem of plastic waste. And we are trying to reduce the rate of plastic danger.
ОтветитьУдалитьPolyester is the main material for textiles and clothes. And today many factories produce thread that isn't spun from traditional yarn - it's made of plastic waste.
Although we solve the environmental problem of waste, the another problem appears. The cost of recycled polyester is about twenty percent higher than traditional thread. But it's said that if we began to expand the manufacturing of recycled polyester, the cost of this material will decrease.
Test 3
ОтветитьУдалить1)b,c
2)The electrons in the outer energy levels of a metal are mobile and capable of drifting from one metal atom to another.Electrons which are capable of moving freely throughout the empty orbitals of the metallic crystal are called delocalized electrons.When light is shone onto the surface of a metal, its electrons absorb small amounts of energy and become excited into one of its many empty orbitals. The electrons immediately fall back down to lower energy levels and emit light.
3)Metals conduct electricity and heat very well because of their free-flowing electrons.
4)the body-centered cubic structure. In that crystal, metal atoms occupy the eight corners of a cube along with one atom in the very center. The coordination number of each atom in the body-centered cubic structure is 8.(Fe)
In the face-centered cubic structure, there are eight atoms at each corner of the cube and six atoms in the center of each face. The coordination number of each atom in the face-centered cubic structure is 12. (Ni)
The atoms in a hexagonal close-packed (hcp) structure also have a coordination number of 12, but crystals of this type are hexagonally shaped rather than cubic.(Mg)
5)Ionic compounds are very brittle. Application of a force results in like-charged ions in the crystal coming too close to one another, causing the crystal to shatter. When a force is applied to a metal, the free-flowing electrons can slip in between the stationary cations and prevent them from coming in contact. Imagine ball bearings that have been coated with oil sliding past one another. As a result, metals are very malleable and ductile.
6) The many types of steels are primarily composed of iron, with various amounts of the elements carbon, chromium, manganese, nickel, molybdenum, and boron. Steels are widely used in building construction because of their strength, hardness, and resistance to corrosion.
7)The metallic bonding model explains the physical properties of metals, such as luster, malleability, ductility, and excellent conductivity. You could test your hypothesis comparing these properties.
8)8 are the coordination numbers of a metal atom in a body-centered cubic structure and 12 are in a face-centered cubic structure.
Iridium is more likely to crystallize in face-centered cubic structure.
The cost of recycled polyester is about ten to twenty percent higher than traditional thread – although the price is coming down.
ОтветитьУдалитьМамонтова Мария.
ОтветитьУдалитьTest 1.
1. An atom can have eight valence electrons in maximum.
2. K+ 19p 18e
F- 9p 10e
P3- 15p 18e
Ti4+ 22p 18e
Cd2+ 48p 46e
Cr3+ 24p 21e
3. When a chlorine atom gains an electron, it attains a configuration of a noble gas.
4. Because the majority of transition metals has two electrons on the outermost "s" sublevel to lose.
5. A pseudo noble gas electron configuration refers to elements having 18 electrons instead of just 8 in their outermost electron level when they lose or gain electrons.
6. Li loses 1e
Sr loses 2e
Al loses 3e
Ba loses 2e
7. Li+ He
Sr2+ Kr
Al3+ Ne
Ba2+ Xe
8. 1e
2e
3e
1e
9. Br- Kr
S2- Ar
N3- Ne
I- Xe
10. Be 1s2 2s2
Be2+ [He]
Cl 1s2 2s2 2p5
Cl- [Ne]
Se 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p4
Se2- [Kr]
Rb [Kr] 5s1
Rb+ [Kr]
11. Cs+ [Xe]
Y3+ [Kr]
Ni2+ 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s0 3d8
As3- [Kr]
Te2- [Xe]
Ag+ [Kr] 5s0 4d10
Pb4+ [Xe] 6s0 5d10 6p0
Mn2+ [Ar] 4s0 4d5
13. [He] H- Li+
[Ne] O2- Na+ Al3+
[Ar] Ca2+ S2- V5+
[Kr] Sr2+ As3-
[Xe] Ba2+ I- La3+
Test 2
Удалить2. a/c/e/f
3. Great difference in their electronegativity makes an ionic bond very stable
4. KF is ionic, so it is composed of ions. As a solid, the ions are not mobile, but after dissolving the ions can move between the electrodes.
6. K2O,Ca3N2,BaS
7.1. Coordination number, also called Ligancy, the number of atoms, ions, or molecules that a central atom or ion holds as its nearest neighbours in a complex or coordination compound or in a crystal.
2. Such compound will be equimolecular.
3. A2B
8.
a. The ionic bond will be stronger because attractive force increases as the amount of charge increases.
b. If the size of the cation is increased, an ionic bond will be weaker.
1. b,c
Удалить2. The electrons in the outer energy levels of a metal are mobile and capable of drifting from one metal atom to another.Electrons which are capable of moving freely throughout the empty orbitals of the metallic crystal are called delocalized electrons.When light is shone onto the surface of a metal, its electrons absorb small amounts of energy and become excited into one of its many empty orbitals. The electrons immediately fall back down to lower energy levels and emit light.
3. Metals conduct electricity and heat very well because of their free-flowing electrons.
4. the body-centered cubic structure. In that crystal, metal atoms occupy the eight corners of a cube along with one atom in the very center. The coordination number of each atom in the body-centered cubic structure is 8.(Fe)
In the face-centered cubic structure, there are eight atoms at each corner of the cube and six atoms in the center of each face. The coordination number of each atom in the face-centered cubic structure is 12. (Ni)
The atoms in a hexagonal close-packed (hcp) structure also have a coordination number of 12, but crystals of this type are hexagonally shaped rather than cubic.(Mg)
5. Ionic compounds are very brittle. Application of a force results in like-charged ions in the crystal coming too close to one another, causing the crystal to shatter. When a force is applied to a metal, the free-flowing electrons can slip in between the stationary cations and prevent them from coming in contact. Imagine ball bearings that have been coated with oil sliding past one another. As a result, metals are very malleable and ductile.
6. The many types of steels are primarily composed of iron, with various amounts of the elements carbon, chromium, manganese, nickel, molybdenum, and boron. Steels are widely used in building construction because of their strength, hardness, and resistance to corrosion.
7. The metallic bonding model explains the physical properties of metals, such as luster, malleability, ductility, and excellent conductivity. You could test your hypothesis comparing these properties.
8. 8 are the coordination numbers of a metal atom in a body-centered cubic structure and 12 are in a face-centered cubic structure.
Iridium is more likely to crystallize in face-centered cubic structure.
test 3
Удалитьа) Вопрос:
УдалитьRecycled polyester costs is about ten to twenty percent higher then traditional thread. I think, it's because recycling is demands enegy and an expensive process.
г) Пересказ:
Today people face with problem of plastic waste.
Polyester is the main material for textiles and clothes. And now many factories produce thread that isn't spun from traditional yarn - it's made of plastic waste.
We solve the environmental problem of waste, the another problem appears. The cost of recycled polyester is about twenty percent higher than traditional thread. But it's said that if we began to expand the manufacturing of recycled polyester, the cost of this material will decrease.
Ковалишин Михаил
ОтветитьУдалитьTest 1
1. An atom can have eight valence electrons in maximum.
2. K+ 19p 18e
F- 9p 10e
P3- 15p 18e
Ti4+ 22p 18e
Cd2+ 48p 46e
Cr3+ 24p 21e
3. When a chlorine atom gains an electron, it attains a configuration of a noble gas.
4. Because the majority of transition metals has two electrons on the outermost "s" sublevel to lose.
5. A pseudo noble gas electron configuration refers to elements having 18 electrons instead of just 8 in their outermost electron level when they lose or gain electrons.
6. Li loses 1e
Sr loses 2e
Al loses 3e
Ba loses 2 e
7. Li+ He
Sr2+ Kr
Al3+ Ne
Ba2+ Xe
8. Br gains 1e
S gains 2e
N gains 3e
I gains 1e
9. Br- Kr
S2- Ar
N3- Ne
I- Xe
10. Be 1s2 2s2
Be2+ [He]
Cl 1s2 2s2 2p5
Cl- [Ne]
Se 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p4
Se2- [Kr]
Rb [Kr] 5s1
Rb+ [Kr]
11. Cs+ [Xe]
Y3+ [Kr]
Ni2+ 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s0 3d8
As3- [Kr]
Te2- [Xe]
Ag+ [Kr] 5s0 4d10
Pb4+ [Xe] 6s0 5d10 6p0
Mn2+ [Ar] 4s0 4d5
12. a)pseudo noble b)pseudo noble c)noble d)pseudo noble e)pseudo noble f)noble g) none h)noble
13. [He] H- Li+
[Ne] O2- Na+ Al3+
[Ar] Ca2+ S2- V5+
[Kr] Sr2+ As3-
[Xe] Ba2+ I- La3+
Test 2
2)a, c,e,f
3 )Great difference in their electronegativity makes an ionic bond very stable
4). KF is ionic, so it is composed of ions. As a solid, the ions are not mobile, but after dissolving the ions can move between the electrodes.
6)K2O,Ca3N2,BaS
7)1.Coordination number, also called Ligancy, the number of atoms, ions, or molecules that a central atom or ion holds as its nearest neighbours in a complex or coordination compound or in a crystal.
2.Such compound will be equimolecular.
3.A2B
8)a. The ionic bond will be stronger because attractive force increases as the amount of charge increases.
b. If the size of the cation is increased, an ionic bond will be weaker.
test 1
ОтветитьУдалить1. An atom can have eight valence electrons in maximum.
2. K+ 19p 18e
F- 9p 10e
P3- 15p 18e
Ti4+ 22p 18e
Cd2+ 48p 46e
Cr3+ 24p 21e
3. When a chlorine atom gains an electron, it attains a configuration of a noble gas.
4. Because the majority of transition metals has two electrons on the outermost "s" sublevel to lose.
5. A pseudo noble gas electron configuration refers to elements having 18 electrons instead of just 8 in their outermost electron level when they lose or gain electrons.
6. Li loses 1e
Sr loses 2e
Al loses 3e
Ba loses 2 e
7. Li+ He
Sr2+ Kr
Al3+ Ne
Ba2+ Xe
8. Br gains 1e
S gains 2e
N gains 3e
I gains 1e
9. Br- Kr
S2- Ar
N3- Ne
I- Xe
10. Be 1s2 2s2
Be2+ [He]
Cl 1s2 2s2 2p5
Cl- [Ne]
Se 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p4
Se2- [Kr]
Rb [Kr] 5s1
Rb+ [Kr]
11. Cs+ [Xe]
Y3+ [Kr]
Ni2+ 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s0 3d8
As3- [Kr]
Te2- [Xe]
Ag+ [Kr] 5s0 4d10
Pb4+ [Xe] 6s0 5d10 6p0
Mn2+ [Ar] 4s0 4d5
12. a) pseudo noble b) pseudo noble c) noble d) pseudo noble e) pseudo noble f) noble g) none h) noble
13. [He] H- Li+
[Ne] O2- Na+ Al3+
[Ar] Ca2+ S2- V5+
[Kr] Sr2+ As3-
[Xe] Ba2+ I- La3+
test 2
Удалить2. Li2O - ionic
NH3 - ionic
Al2S3 - ionic
ClF - not ionic
SrBr2 - ionic
ZnI2 - ionic
3. Great difference in their electronegativity makes an ionic bond very stable.
4. Electrical conductivity is caused by the directional movement of charged perticles. There is no free electrons in this compound when it is solid, but when it is dissolved it forms moveble ions in a solute.
6. KO2
Ca3N2
BaS
7. A. Coordination number, also called Ligancy, the number of atoms, ions, or molecules that a central atom or ion holds as its nearest neighbours in a complex or coordination compound or in a crystal.
B. Such compound will be equimolecular.
C. A2B
8. A. If the charge of the cation is doubled, an ionic would be more stable.
B. If the size of the cation is increased, an ionic would be less stable.