Практическое Занятие - Ознакомительная Часть (Уровни владения языком)/Speaking (Explanation)/ Text Book/
Здравствуйте, Уважаемые Студенты! Напоминаю Вам о том, что эта неделя зачётная - для успешного отдыха в течение каникул необходимо:
1) выполнить ВСЕ без исключения задания закончившегося курса (семестра сентябрь 2019- декабрь 2019)
2) сдать Темы
3) сдать Грамматику (Тесты)
4) сдать чтение/перевод
Сегодня мы с Вами разбираем следующее:
1) Каким уровнем языка должны владеть Вы? Как Вы можете самостоятельно оценить необходимый уровень? Существуют ли какие-либо нормы определения уровня владения языком?
Общеевропейские компетенции владения иностранным языком: изучение, преподавание, оценка (Common European Framework of Reference, CEFR) — система уровней владения иностранным языком, используемая в Европейском Союзе. Соответствующая директива была выработана Советом Европы как основная часть проекта «Изучение языков для европейского гражданства» («Language Learning for European Citizenship») между 1989 и 1996 годами. Главная цель системы CEFR — предоставить метод оценки и обучения, применимый для всех европейских языков. В ноябре 2001 года резолюция Совета ЕС рекомендовала использование CEFR для создания национальных систем оценки языковой компетенции.
1) выполнить ВСЕ без исключения задания закончившегося курса (семестра сентябрь 2019- декабрь 2019)
2) сдать Темы
3) сдать Грамматику (Тесты)
4) сдать чтение/перевод
Сегодня мы с Вами разбираем следующее:
1) Каким уровнем языка должны владеть Вы? Как Вы можете самостоятельно оценить необходимый уровень? Существуют ли какие-либо нормы определения уровня владения языком?
Общеевропейские компетенции владения иностранным языком: изучение, преподавание, оценка (Common European Framework of Reference, CEFR) — система уровней владения иностранным языком, используемая в Европейском Союзе. Соответствующая директива была выработана Советом Европы как основная часть проекта «Изучение языков для европейского гражданства» («Language Learning for European Citizenship») между 1989 и 1996 годами. Главная цель системы CEFR — предоставить метод оценки и обучения, применимый для всех европейских языков. В ноябре 2001 года резолюция Совета ЕС рекомендовала использование CEFR для создания национальных систем оценки языковой компетенции.
В системе CEFR знания и умения учащихся подразделяются на три крупных категории, которые далее делятся на шесть уровней:
- A - Элементарное владение
- A1- Уровень выживания
- A2 - Предпороговый уровень
- B - Самодостаточное владение
- B1- Пороговый уровень
- B2 - Пороговый продвинутый уровень
- C - Свободное владение
- C1 - Уровень профессионального владения
- C2 - Уровень владения в совершенстве
- Таблица - https://englex.ru/english-levels-table/
- 2) Speaking - материал раздаю на занятии
- 3) Text Book - https://www.ck12.org/book/CK-12-Chemistry-Intermediate/section/14.0/
ПАВЛЕНКО ПОЛИНА
ОтветитьУдалить14.1
1. The more space that exists between the particles in the matter, the more compressible the substance will be. Gases are compressible because most of the volume of a gas is composed of the large amounts of empty space between the gas particles. Gases are more compressible than liquids, which are generally more compressible than solids.
2. A rigid container is one that is incapable of expanding or contracting. If more and more air is continually added to a rigid container, it may eventually burst.
3. Since the canister cannot expand, the increased number of air molecules will strike the inside walls of the canister three times as frequently as they did before. The result is that the pressure inside the canister in three times.
4. If the volume of a container is decreased, the gas molecules have less space in which to move around. As a result, they will strike the walls of the container more often, resulting in an increase in pressure.
5. An increase in the temperature of an enclosed gas causes the pressure to increase. If the Kelvin temperature is increased by a factor of 10, the pressure increases by a factor of 10.
6. The number of molecules in the ball is staying pretty much constant. So when the temperature drops the product of Pressure and Volume has to drop. The Pressure at the point the ball drops to 1atm and starts to deflate is going to stay in equilibrium with the atmospheric pressure.
7. When we boil water the vapor pressure of the water is equals to the pressure due to the weight of the atmosphere which is the pressure at sea level more or less. So inside the can while boiling it, the pressure is close to 1 bar of water pressure. Now, by turning the can up side down, we prevent the steam from escaping. Now by pouring cold water on the outside, the pressure of the water that was at 1 bar will now decrease because some of the steam will condense. Therefore, the can now has an internal pressure a little less than atmospheric pressure and so the can will be crushed by the weight of the earths atmosphere. That is, the inequity of internal vs. external pressure.
8. -
9. Liquid nitrogen is poured over a balloon filled with air. The volume of the balloon decreases by the low temperature, because the gas inside is cooled down.
14.2
1. The Kelvin scale is used in gas law problems because the pressure and volume of a gas depend on the kinetic energy or motion of the particles. It is critical to the gas law calculations that there be a direct relationship between the temperature and the kinetic energy.
2. The relationship between two variables is a direct relationship if when one increases so does the other or as one decreases so does the other. The relationship between two variables is an inverse relationship if when one increases the other decreases or as one decreases the other increases.
3. 1атм=111,4575kPa, 2,20l=2200ml, 6,3l=6300ml, (2200*111,4575)/6300 = 38,92kPa
4. 35’C=308,15K, 15’C=288,15K, (1,25*288,15)/308,15=1,16L
5. 98kPa=0,967atm, 177kPa=1,75atm, 25’C=298,15K, (298,15*1,75)/0,967= 539,6K = 266,45’C
6. 720torr=0,947atm, 35’C=308,15K, 78’C=351,15K, (0,947*5,25*351,15)/(3,8*308,15) = 1,57atm
7. (3,30*41)/95 = 1,41mol
14.3
1. Particles in a real gas have a finite volume and are attracted to one another at low temp and high pressures.
2. A gas behaves more like an ideal gas at higher temperature and lower pressure, as the potential energy due to intermolecular forces becomes less significant compared with the particles' kinetic energy, and the size of the molecules becomes less significant compared to the empty space between them.
3. 94,5kPa=0,933atm, (0,0821*1,5*320)/0,933 = 42,24l
4. (1,77*35,6)/0,65*8,3145 = 11,66K = -261,49’C
5. (5,5*8,314*340,15)/8,80 = 1767,5kPa
6. (122,657*3,40)/8,314*400 = 0,12mol, 0,12*28 = 3,51g
7. (35*320)/8,314*295,15 = 4,56mol, 382,7/4,56=83,92g/mol, Kr.
ПАВЛЕНКО ПОЛИНА
УдалитьCHEMISTRY IN OUR LIFE
Good afternoon! Let me introduce myself. My name is Polina Pavlenko, I am the fourth grade student of MUCTR. Today I’d like to give you an overview of my thoughts about chemistry in our life. If we look closely at the world around we, infinite chemical reactions are occurring at any second. Thus, it can rightly be said that chemistry forms a large part of our daily life. Chemistry and chemical reactions are not just limited to the laboratories but also the world around us. The element carbon forms the basic unit of organic, inorganic, and organometallic compounds. Right at the moment when we go to sleep till we wake up, infinite chemical processes are taking place in each cell of our body. Our body is a fascinating place. Hearing, seeing, tasting, and touching all involve intricate series of chemical reactions and interactions in our body. Carbon and oxygen are the two most essential elements of the body. The other elements which are present in our body are nitrogen, phosphorous, hydrogen, oxygen, calcium, potassium, sulfur, magnesium, etc. Processes occur when we wake up, all our daily activities like drinking water, taking a shower, cooking our food, cleaning our car, laughing or crying are guided by different chemical processes. Whenever you are feeling happy, sad, ecstatic, relaxed, or stressed, there are many chemical reactions taking place in your body. It is because of the chemical messengers called neurotransmitters released in the brain that you can fall in love and cry rivers because of heartbreak. The moment we put food in our mouth, a number of different chemical reactions also start in our digestive tract. Baking. The addition of baking soda to food items before cooking leads to the production of carbon dioxide, which causes the foods to rise. This whole process of rising of baked good is called chemical leavening. Many of the changes we observe in the world around are caused by chemical reactions. Chemistry is present in every aspect of life. It is all around us, and the better we know chemistry, the better we know our world. Thank you for the attention.
LABORATORY
УдалитьGood afternoon! Let me introduce myself. My name is Polina Pavlenko, I am the fourth grade student of MUCTR. Today I’d like to give you an overview of a scientific laboratory. Laboratory is a place where scientific research and development is conducted and analyses performed, in contrast with the field or factory. Most laboratories are characterized by constant temperature, humidity, cleanliness. Modern laboratories use a vast number of instruments and procedures to study, systematize or quantify the objects of their attention. Laboratories can be used fo scientific research: a physic lab might contain a practicle acclerator or vacuum chamber, while a metallurge lab have apparatus for casting of metalles or for testing their strength. Every laboratory is to be provided with a ventilating hood for the escape of both harmful and unpleasant vapours and odours. It has to be lit up very well. There are many laboratory benches with a great number of drawers in every laboratory. Different apparatus, devices as well as materials are to be kept in them. Besides we can see many shelves and cases for containers with chemicals. In the laboratory there are conduct: 1) eating, drinking and smoking; 2) to taste anything; 3) notify the instructor immediately in case of an accident. In laboratories where dangerous conditions might exist, safety equipment is used to protect the lab user from injury. Therefore, there's a standart. On every laboratory bench one can see test-tubes, flasks, beakers, funnels, evaporating dishes, weighing bottles. All this glassware should be kept in good order.Various burners serve for producing flames. Different crucibles are to be employed when heating solutions and igniting materials are to be carried out.Every laboratory should be equipped with different kinds of apparatus. Everything in the laboratory is to have its definite place. Thank you for the attention.
Good afternoon! Let me introduce myself. My name is Polina Pavlenko, I am the fourth grade student of MUCTR. Today I’d like to give you an overview of the great Russian chemist D. I. Mendeleev . D. I. Mendeleyev is a Russian chemist who developed the periodic classification of the elements. He found that, when all the known chemical elements were arranged in order of increasing atomic weight, the resulting table displayed a recurring pattern, or periodicity, of properties within groups of elements. In his version of the periodic table of 1871, he left gaps in places where he believed unknown elements would find their place. Mendeleev even predicted the likely properties of three of the potential elements. He was born in Siberia on the eighth of February, 1834. When he was seven years old, he went to gymnasium in Tobolsk. He studied very hard, he especially liked mathematics, physics and history. At the age of 16 he entered the Pedagogical Institute in St. Petersburg, physico-mathematical department. He graduated from the Institute in 1855 and began teach chemistry at the Technological Institute and then at the University. In 1865 Mendeleyev was granted the Doctor of Science Degree for the thesis on the combination of alcohol with water. This work was both of great theoretical and practical significance. Soon after that D. I. Mendeleyev was appointed Professor of General Chemistry of St. Petersburg University. Besides lectures and supervision of the laboratory, D. I. Mendeleyev carried out great research work. Mendeleyev’s greatest discovery was the Periodic Table. The Periodic Law suggested by Mendeleyev stated that the properties of the elements were a periodic function of their atomic masses. He presented the work to the Russian Chemical Society. Mendeleyev’s Periodic Law opened a new era in the history of chemistry. Mendeleyev was interested in many branches of science, indeed there is hardly any field of science that was not enriched by his contribution. His numerous works dealt with many subjects: properties of liquids, theories of solutions, the development of the gas law, the use of oil and many others. In the field of physical chemistry, for instance, he conducted a broad research program throughout his career that focused on gases and liquids. While working in Heidelberg, he defined the “absolute point of ebullition”. Mendeleev carried on many other activities outside academic research and teaching. He was one of the founders of the Russian Chemical Society and published most of his later papers in its journal. He was a prolific thinker and writer. D. I. Mendeleyev continued his research work to the very last day of his life. He died in 1907. The world is thankful to Mendeleyev for his great contribution to the world science. At present there is hardly anyone who doesn’t know this Russian scientist and his Periodic Law. I’m proud of the fact that our university is named after him. Thank you for the attention.
УдалитьChemistry in our life
ОтветитьУдалитьGood morning. Let me introduce myself: my name is Alimkhanova Liliya, I am the fourth grade student of MUCTR, and today I’m supposed to tell you some of my thoughts about chemistry in our life.
Chemistry is a great part in our everyday life. We can find chemistry in the foods we eat, in the air we breathe, in the clothes we wear and finally in ourselves. We live in the world of matter. Many of the changes we observe in the world around we see that caused by chemical reactions.
From the food that sustains our lives to various objects that have built up our physical culture, everything is made up of matter. The human body itself is a mixture of matter of differing types. The humans who used materials obtained from nature fir centures, later made new materials out of these to suit theit needs.
Now people have thousand of materials for their use - both natural and human made. The ability that people acquired to make new materials from natural materials is the basis of human progress. When the structure of the material world and the nature of physical and chemical changes in them were studied, people were able to make new materials and to control their properties. The development of chemistry made this progress possible. The contribution of chemistry to fields like agriculture, health care, food industry, transport and research has been invaluable. The way a plastic wrap protects your food and how it is extracted from polymers is all part of chemistry. In fact, polymers is the next biggest industry to textiles. Glass is a simple substance that is actually made using sand, lime and soda ash. There are hundreds of varieties of glass available, and they are all made using different compositions of these substances. Glass is very important as it is used in many places and making objects including, cars, vehicles, microscopes and anything you can think of.
Our body is made up of chemical compounds, which are combinations of elements. Most of the human body is made up of water. 99 % of the mass of our body is made up of just six elements: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus. The medicines which we use to cure diseases is produced with the help of chemistry. Chemistry has a major role in our lives.
In conclusion, I want to notice, that chemistry is our life and I hope that I can contribute to its development. Thank you for the attention.
Chemical laboratory
ОтветитьУдалитьGood morning. Let me introduce myself: my name is Alimkhanova Liliya. I am the fourth grade student of MUCTR, and today I’m supposed to tell you some words about chemical laboratories. As you know, there are different types of laboratories in every university and institute. A biologist might use so called wet or dry laboratory, for example, while a psychologist’s lab might be the room with one-way mirrors and hidden cameras.
Even chemists specifically work in different laboratories – it’s organic chemistry’s lab, it’s analytical chemistry’s lab, it’s physical chemistry’s lab and many others. But I’m going to talk about average chemical laboratory. In simple words, it is a place, where you can carry out different experiments. There you can perform different reactions, try to synthesize chemical substance or reproduce physical phenomena.
Chemical laboratory is a clean, large and well-lit room. It has a place for storing the necessary substance. In addition, you can see a place for making records and calculations. Besides there is a place for washing vessels. Also there are a lot of reagents in every laboratory. For example: acids, alkalis, different salts. Of course, they are used for different purposes in different laboratories. A good chemical laboratory is fully equipped with modern devices. The most of them are made of glass, and the widest used equipment for the experiments are tubes, funnels and flasks. Special glassware includes things necessary for carrying out different analyses.
And in conclusion I have to notice that laboratory is a dangerous place. If you are not a scientist, every experiment performed by you should be carried out under the watching of your lab instructor. A lot of substances are explosive, toxic or cancerogenic. There is a certain unavoidable hazard associated with the use of variety of chemicals and glassware in laboratory. You are expected to learn and adhere to the following safety guidelines. Thank you for the attention.
Environmental pollution
ОтветитьУдалитьGood morning. Let me introduce myself: my name is Alimkhanova Liliya, I am the fourth grade student of MUCTR. Today I’m supposed to tell you some of my thoughts about the problem of environmental pollution. What is environmental pollution? A few years ago the average person would not have had the slightest idea what does it mean exactly. But today different ecological problems are widely known. People usually associate this topic with the effect of pollution made by humanity and our efforts to clean it up.
How exactly do we harm nature? We throw away harmful chemicals, we exterminate animals, we consume many non-renewable resources, we destroy the whole communities of plants and animals, the whole ecosystems. Every plant or animal of an ecosystem has a definite role to play to maintain an overall balance in the system, and the every death of an animal can reflect on our life.
I emphasize once again that man-made pollution frequently alters the environment in which a community of organisms lives and upsets its delicate balance. Unfortunately, pollution produces numerous adverse effects in addition to disturbing ecosystem. But has it always been like this? In primitive societies based on hunting and food gathering, he fitted in quite well, he ate roots and berries or trapped animals for food. He began to seriously disturb the balance of nature only after he started to practice farming on a large scale and keep a sizeable herds of grass-eating animals.
In recent years, it is the growth of giant cities accompanied by industrial development on a huge scale that has begun to introduce enormous amounts of noxious wastes into the environment. Our transportation devices are likewise serious offenders in this regard as are the numerous new synthetic materials such as plastics that soil and water bacteria cannot degrade.
I am a chemist, but despite the benefits of chemistry, it’s important to understand that chemical plants produce hazardous waste. Therefore, more and more chemists are turning to the principles of green chemistry. Green chemistry, also known as sustainable chemistry is among other things, the design of chemical products and processes to prevent potential pollution sources and use renewable materials. This also includes avoiding potential environmental contamination via spills, leaks, and other types of accidents.
In conclusion I would like to focus on a thought, that homo sapiens, of course, is a part of the world ecosystem. We can live in harmony with nature and we have to. Make peace, not the pollution. Thank you for the attention.
Dmitriy Mendeleev
ОтветитьУдалитьGood morning. Let me introduce myself: my name is Alimkhanova Liliya, I am the fourth grade student of MUCTR, and today I’m supposed to tell you some of my thoughts about D.I.Mendeleev. To start with, I would like to say some words about his early life.
He spent his childhood in a small village near Tobolsk, in Siberia. According to the different sources there were approximately seventeen children in his family. His father had used to be a teacher, but he went blind and stopped working. So Dmitiy’s mother started to work, and re-established the glass factory, which belonged to her family. It is also known that Mendeleev’s grandfather was a priest of Russian Orthodox Church.
At the age of 13 Mendeleev entered the gymnasium of Tobolsk. But then he was taken from the gymnasium, because his family moved to Saint Petersburg and in 1850 Mendeleev joined the main Pedagogical Institute. Following the graduation, he developed the tuberculosis and was forced to have a treatment in Crimea. Then he came to Saint Petersburg again.
For years he was making different researches and investigations. In 1862 he married at the first time. Those years he became a professor of some universities and completed his dissertation. Mendeleev was one of the founders, in 1869, of the Russian Chemical Society. In the same year he announced the discovery of the Periodic Law of the elements and published his periodic table of all known elements. Notably he predicted several new elements to complete the table. In 1876 Mendeleev fell in love with Anna Popova and married at the second time. Those years Mendeleev was widely honored by scientific organizations all over Europe. He made a lot for the development of chemical science. In particular, Mendeleev is given credit for the introduction of the metric system to the Russian Empire. In 1907 Mendeleev died at the age of 72 in Saint Petersburg from influenza.
In conclusion I’d like to mension that Mendeleev made a lot for his native country and he was not only a scientist but a patriot too - he transformed Saint Petersburg into an internationally recognized center for chemistry research. I’m proud of the fact that our university is named after him. Thank you for the attention.
Chapter 14
ОтветитьУдалитьPart 1
1. The more space that exists between the particles in the matter, the more compressible the substance will be. Gases are compressible because most of the volume of a gas is composed of the large amounts of empty space between the gas particles. Gases are more compressible than liquids, which are generally more compressible than solids.
2. A rigid container is one that is incapable of expanding or contracting. If more and more air is continually added to a rigid container, it may eventually burst.
3. Since the canister cannot expand, the increased number of air molecules will strike the inside walls of the canister three times as frequently as they did before. The result is that the pressure inside the canister in three times.
4. If the volume of a container is decreased, the gas molecules have less space in which to move around. As a result, they will strike the walls of the container more often, resulting in an increase in pressure.
5. An increase in the temperature of an enclosed gas causes the pressure to increase. If the Kelvin temperature is increased by a factor of 10, the pressure increases by a factor of 10.
6. The number of molecules in the ball is staying pretty much constant. So when the temperature drops the product of Pressure and Volume has to drop. The Pressure at the point the ball drops to 1atm and starts to deflate is going to stay in equilibrium with the atmospheric pressure.
7. When we boil water the vapor pressure of the water is equals to the pressure due to the weight of the atmosphere which is the pressure at sea level more or less. So inside the can while boiling it, the pressure is close to 1 bar of water pressure. Now, by turning the can up side down, we prevent the steam from escaping. Now by pouring cold water on the outside, the pressure of the water that was at 1 bar will now decrease because some of the steam will condense. Therefore, the can now has an internal pressure a little less than atmospheric pressure and so the can will be crushed by the weight of the earths atmosphere. That is, the inequity of internal vs. external pressure.
8. -
9. Liquid nitrogen is poured over a balloon filled with air. The volume of the balloon decreases by the low temperature, because the gas inside is cooled down.
Part 2
1. The Kelvin scale is used in gas law problems because the pressure and volume of a gas depend on the kinetic energy or motion of the particles. It is critical to the gas law calculations that there be a direct relationship between the temperature and the kinetic energy.
2. The relationship between two variables is a direct relationship if when one increases so does the other or as one decreases so does the other. The relationship between two variables is an inverse relationship if when one increases the other decreases or as one decreases the other increases.
3. 111,4575kPa
2200ml
6300ml, 38,92kPa
4. 308,15K
288,15K, 1,16L
5. 0,967atm
1,75atm
298,15K, 266,45°C
6. 0,947atm
308,15K
351,15K, 1,57atm
7. 1,41mol
Part 3
1. Particles in a real gas have a finite volume and are attracted to one another at low temp and high pressures.
2. A gas behaves more like an ideal gas at higher temperature and lower pressure, as the potential energy due to intermolecular forces becomes less significant compared with the particles' kinetic energy, and the size of the molecules becomes less significant compared to the empty space between them.
3. 0,933atm, 42,24l
4. 11,66K = -261,49°C
5. 1767,5kPa
6. 0,12mol, 0,12*28 = 3,51g
7. Kr.
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ОтветитьУдалитьНа мой взгляд это один из самых точных тестов в интернете. На сайте, помимо теста, много полезной информации, рекомендую https://englishpapa.com/ru/english-levels-ru/