Здравствуйте, уважаемые студенты. Продолжаем наше дистанционное обучение. Прошу Вас, если Вы публикуете свои работы в сториз (Instagram), не забывать о той работе, которую Вы выполняете по иностранному языку - ставьте следующие маркеры: РХТУ, @dmuctr, @minobrnauki_russia, #универдома. Спасибо всем тем, кто не прекращает занятий и работает в этих сложных для всех условиях. Берегите себя и близких, старайтесь придерживаться рекомендаций, оставайтесь на связи. Мне очень приятно работать с Вами. Вы будущее, поэтому важны для всех нас!
1) Speaking - Habbits -
a) What habbits do you stick to?
b) When did you get them?
c) Why do you have them?
d) Which do you consider as bad ones?
e) Which do you consider as good ones?
f) Which new ones would you like to add on the list?
g) Is it difficult to change your habbits? Why?
h) Is it important to change anything in your way of living?
i) What makes people change their lifestyle?
j) Do you know anyone who has made up his or her mind to make changes on the regular life basis?
Watch a video and answer the questions above in accordance with the main hero of the vlog you have just watched.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kRr9LQ7mZ_A
What is his name?
Where is he from?
Where does he live?
How old is he?
What does he do?
What habbits is he talking about?
Which way could he change his typical lifestyle?
Which habbits does he consider important to him? Why?
2) Grammar - Progress Check 1- p. 38 -
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1dsOHTimSb-FmCTpAOG_v53T1zs7uT5SH
3) Reading/Translating/Tests
https://www.ck12.org/book/ck-12-chemistry-intermediate/section/17.0/
https://www.ck12.org/book/ck-12-chemistry-intermediate/section/17.1/
1) Speaking - Habbits -
a) What habbits do you stick to?
b) When did you get them?
c) Why do you have them?
d) Which do you consider as bad ones?
e) Which do you consider as good ones?
f) Which new ones would you like to add on the list?
g) Is it difficult to change your habbits? Why?
h) Is it important to change anything in your way of living?
i) What makes people change their lifestyle?
j) Do you know anyone who has made up his or her mind to make changes on the regular life basis?
Watch a video and answer the questions above in accordance with the main hero of the vlog you have just watched.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kRr9LQ7mZ_A
What is his name?
Where is he from?
Where does he live?
How old is he?
What does he do?
What habbits is he talking about?
Which way could he change his typical lifestyle?
Which habbits does he consider important to him? Why?
2) Grammar - Progress Check 1- p. 38 -
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1dsOHTimSb-FmCTpAOG_v53T1zs7uT5SH
3) Reading/Translating/Tests
https://www.ck12.org/book/ck-12-chemistry-intermediate/section/17.0/
https://www.ck12.org/book/ck-12-chemistry-intermediate/section/17.1/
Progress Check 1
ОтветитьУдалить1)2.С 3.A 4.C 5. A 6.B 7.C 8.A 9.B 10. А 11.В 12.А 13.С 14.А 15.В 16.В
2)2.А 3.В 4.С 5.В 6.А 7.С 8.В 9.С 10.В 11.С
17.1 Heat Flow
ОтветитьУдалить1. Chemical potential energy is the energy stored in the chemical bonds of a substance. The various chemicals in gasoline contain a large amount of chemical potential energy that is released when the gasoline is burned in a controlled way in the engine of the car. The release of that energy does two things. Some of the potential energy is transformed into work, which is used to move the car. At the same time, some of the potential energy is converted to heat, making the car’s engine very hot. The energy changes of a system occur as either heat or work, or some combination of both.
2. When brought into contact, heat flows from A to B until the temperatures of the two objects are the same.
3. A chemical reaction or physical change is endothermic if heat is absorbed by the system from the surroundings.
A chemical reaction or physical change is exothermic if heat is released by the system into the surroundings.
4. In an endothermic reaction, heat flows from the surroundings into the system, decreasing the temperature of the surroundings. In an exothermic reaction, heat flows from the system into the surroundings, increasing the temperature of the surroundings.
So when test tube becomes very warm as the reaction occurs , that is an endothermic reaction. When the test tube becomes cold , that is an exothermic reaction.
5. The quantity of heat for a process is represented by the letter q. The sign of q for an endothermic process is positive because the system is gaining heat. The sign of q for an exothermic process is negative because the system is losing heat.
6.a. endothermic b. endothermic c. exothermic d. exothermic
7.a.345 b.363,1712 J c.51,86 cal d.58,16 kJ
8.1,48 J/g⋅∘C
9. water : 25,5 °C
Iron: 69,5 °C
Water is commonly used as a coolant for machinery because it is able to absorb large quantities of heat.
10.35,9 g
11.467,208 J
17.1
ОтветитьУдалить1) Chemical potential energy is the energy stored in the chemical bonds of a substance. The various chemicals in gasoline contain a large amount of chemical potential energy that is released when the gasoline is burned in a controlled way in the engine of the car. The release of that energy does two things. Some of the potential energy is transformed into work, which is used to move the car. At the same time, some of the potential energy is converted to heat, making the car’s engine very hot. The energy changes of a system occur as either heat or work, or some combination of both.
2) When brought into contact, heat flows from A to B until the temperatures of the two objects are the same.
3) A chemical reaction or physical change is endothermic if heat is absorbed by the system from the surroundings.
A chemical reaction or physical change is exothermic if heat is released by the system into the surroundings.
4) In an endothermic reaction, heat flows from the surroundings into the system, decreasing the temperature of the surroundings. In an exothermic reaction, heat flows from the system into the surroundings, increasing the temperature of the surroundings.
So when test tube becomes very warm as the reaction occurs , that is an endothermic reaction. When the test tube becomes cold , that is an exothermic reaction.
5) The quantity of heat for a process is represented by the letter q. The sign of q for an endothermic process is positive because the system is gaining heat. The sign of q for an exothermic process is negative because the system is losing heat.
6) a. endothermic
b. endothermic
c. exothermic
d. exothermic
7) a.345
b.363,1712 J
c.51,86 cal
d.58,16 kJ
8) 1,48 J/g⋅°C
9) water : 25,5 °C
Iron: 69,5 °C
Water is commonly used as a coolant for machinery because it is able to absorb large quantities of heat.
10) 35,9 g
11) 467,208 J
Алимханова Лилия
Удалить93% Grammar check
Удалить
ОтветитьУдалитьProgress check
Ex. 1.
2. C 3. A 4. C 5. A 6. B 7. C 8. A 9. B 10. A 11. B 12. A 13. C 14. A 15. A 16. B
Ex. 2.
2. B 3. B 4. C 5. B 6. A 7. C 8. B 9. C 10. B 11. C
1. Chemical potential energy is the energy stored in the chemical bonds of a substance. The various chemicals in gasoline contain a large amount of chemical potential energy that is released when the gasoline is burned in a controlled way in the engine of the car. The release of that energy does two things. Some of the potential energy is transformed into work, which is used to move the car. At the same time, some of the potential energy is converted to heat, making the car’s engine very hot. The energy changes of a system occur as either heat or work, or some combination of both.
ОтветитьУдалить2. When brought into contact, heat flows from A to B until the temperatures of the two objects are the same.
3. A chemical reaction or physical change is endothermic if heat is absorbed by the system from the surroundings. A chemical reaction or physical change is exothermic if heat is released by the system into the surroundings.
4. In an endothermic reaction, heat flows from the surroundings into the system, decreasing the temperature of the surroundings. In an exothermic reaction, heat flows from the system into the surroundings, increasing the temperature of the surroundings. If test tube becomes very warm as the reaction occurs, this will be an endothermic reaction. If the test tube becomes cold, this will be an exothermic reaction.
5. The quantity of heat for a process is represented by the letter q. The sign of q for an endothermic process is positive because the system is gaining heat. The sign of q for an exothermic process is negative because the system is losing heat.
6.a. endothermic b. endothermic c. exothermic d. exothermic
7.a.345 b.363,1712 J c.51,86 cal d.58,16 kJ
8.1,48
9. water 25,5 °C, iron: 69,5 °C
Water is commonly used as a coolant for machinery because it is able to absorb large quantities of heat.
10.35,9 g
11.467,208 J
When physical or chemical changes occur, they are generally accompanied by a transfer of energy. The law of conservation of energy states that in any physical or chemical process, energy is neither created nor destroyed. In other words, the entire energy in the universe is conserved. In order to better understand the energy changes taking place during a reaction, we need to define two parts of the universe, called the system and the surroundings. The system is the specific portion of matter in a given space that is being studied during an experiment or an observation. The surroundings is everything in the universe that is not part of the system. In practical terms for a laboratory chemist, the system is generally the reaction being investigated, while the surroundings include the immediate vicinity within the room. During most processes, energy is exchanged between the system and the surroundings. If the system loses a certain amount of energy, that same amount of energy is gained by the surroundings. If the system gains a certain amount of energy, that energy is supplied by the surroundings.
ОтветитьУдалитьФизические или химические изменения обычно сопровождаются передачей энергии. Закон сохранения энергии гласит, что в любом физическом или химическом процессе энергия не создается и не разрушается. Другими словами, вся энергия во вселенной сохраняется. Чтобы лучше понять энергетические изменения, происходящие во время реакции, нам нужно определить две части вселенной, называемые системой и окружением. Система - это конкретная часть вещества в данном пространстве, которая изучается в ходе эксперимента или наблюдения. Окружение - это все во вселенной, что не является частью системы. С практической точки зрения для химика, работающего в лаборатории, система, как правило, является исследуемой реакцией, в то время как окружение включает в себя непосредственную близость внутри комнаты. Во время большинства процессов происходит обмен энергией между системой и окружающей средой. Если система теряет определенное количество энергии, то же самое количество энергии получает окружающая среда. Если система получает определенное количество энергии, эта энергия поставляется окружающей средой
Grammar: 80%
ОтветитьУдалитьTest 17.1
Удалить1. Chemical potential energy is the energy stored in the chemical bonds of a substance. The various chemicals in gasoline contain a large amount of chemical potential energy that is released when the gasoline is burned in a controlled way in the engine of the car. The release of that energy does two things. Some of the potential energy is transformed into work, which is used to move the car. At the same time, some of the potential energy is converted to heat, making the car’s engine very hot. The energy changes of a system occur as either heat or work, or some combination of both.
2. When brought into contact, heat flows from A to B until the temperatures of the two objects are the same.
3. A chemical reaction or physical change is endothermic if heat is absorbed by the system from the surroundings.
A chemical reaction or physical change is exothermic if heat is released by the system into the surroundings.
4. In an endothermic reaction, heat flows from the surroundings into the system, decreasing the temperature of the surroundings. In an exothermic reaction, heat flows from the system into the surroundings, increasing the temperature of the surroundings. So when test tube becomes very warm as the reaction occurs , that is an endothermic reaction. When the test tube becomes cold , that is an exothermic reaction.
5. The quantity of heat for a process is represented by the letter q. The sign of q for an endothermic process is positive because the system is gaining heat. The sign of q for an exothermic process is negative because the system is losing heat.
6. a) endothermic
b) endothermic
c) exothermic
d) exothermic
7. a) 0,345 Cal
b) 363,1712 J
c) 51,86 cal
d) 58,16 kJ
8. 1,48 J/g⋅°C
9. water temperature is 25,5 °C
Iron temperature is 69,5 °C
10. 35,9 g
11. 467,208 J
Reading/Translating:
УдалитьWhen physical or chemical changes occur, they are generally accompanied by a transfer of energy. The law of conservation of energy states that in any physical or chemical process, energy is neither created nor destroyed. In other words, the entire energy in the universe is conserved. In order to better understand the energy changes taking place during a reaction, we need to define two parts of the universe, called the system and the surroundings. The system is the specific portion of matter in a given space that is being studied during an experiment or an observation. The surroundings is everything in the universe that is not part of the system. In practical terms for a laboratory chemist, the system is generally the reaction being investigated, while the surroundings include the immediate vicinity within the room. During most processes, energy is exchanged between the system and the surroundings. If the system loses a certain amount of energy, that same amount of energy is gained by the surroundings. If the system gains a certain amount of energy, that energy is supplied by the surroundings.
Когда происходят физические или химические изменения, они обычно сопровождаются передачей энергии. Закон сохранения энергии гласит , что в любом физическом или химическом процессе, энергия не создается и не уничтожается . Другими словами, вся энергия во вселенной сохраняется. Чтобы лучше понять энергетические изменения, происходящие во время реакции, нам нужно определить две части вселенной, называемые системой и окружающая среда. Система представляет собой определенную часть материи в данном пространстве , которая изучается в ходе эксперимента или наблюдения . Окружающая среда - это все во вселенной , что не является частью системы . С практической точки зрения для лабораторного химика, система, как правило, является исследуемой реакцией, в то время как окружающая среда включает непосредственную среду внутри комнаты. Во время большинства процессов происходит обмен энергией между системой и окружающей средой. Если система теряет определенное количество энергии, то же самое количество энергии получает окружающая среда. Если система получает определенное количество энергии, эта энергия поставляется окружающей средой.
Grammar
ОтветитьУдалить№ 1.
1. A
2. C
3. A
4. C
5. A
6. B
7. C
8. A
9. B
10. A
11. B
12. A
13. C
14. A
15. A
16. B
№ 2.
1. C
2. B
3. B
4. C
5. B
6. A
7. C
8. B
9. C
10. B
11. C
Test 17.1
Удалить1. Chemical potential energy is the energy stored in the chemical bonds of a substance. The various chemicals in gasoline contain a large amount of chemical potential energy that is released when the gasoline is burned in a controlled way in the engine of the car. The release of that energy does two things. Some of the potential energy is transformed into work, which is used to move the car. At the same time, some of the potential energy is converted to heat, making the car’s engine very hot. The energy changes of a system occur as either heat or work, or some combination of both.
2. When brought into contact, heat flows from A to B until the temperatures of the two objects are the same.
3. A chemical reaction or physical change is endothermic if heat is absorbed by the system from the surroundings.
A chemical reaction or physical change is exothermic if heat is released by the system into the surroundings.
4. In an endothermic reaction, heat flows from the surroundings into the system, decreasing the temperature of the surroundings. In an exothermic reaction, heat flows from the system into the surroundings, increasing the temperature of the surroundings. So when test tube becomes very warm as the reaction occurs , that is an endothermic reaction. When the test tube becomes cold , that is an exothermic reaction.
5. The quantity of heat for a process is represented by the letter q. The sign of q for an endothermic process is positive because the system is gaining heat. The sign of q for an exothermic process is negative because the system is losing heat.
6. a) endothermic
b) endothermic
c) exothermic
d) exothermic
7. a) 0,345 Cal
b) 363,1712 J
c) 51,86 cal
d) 58,16 kJ
8. 1,48 J/g⋅°C
9. water temperature is 25,5 °C
Iron temperature is 69,5 °C
10. 35,9 g
11. 467,208 J
Text 17.1
УдалитьHeat Capacity and Specific Heat
If a swimming pool and a bucket, both full of water at the same temperature, were subjected to the same input of heat energy, the bucket of water would certainly rise in temperature more quickly than the swimming pool. Heat capacity is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of an object by 1°C. The heat capacity of an object depends both on its mass and its chemical composition. Because of its much larger mass, the swimming pool of water has a larger heat capacity than the bucket of water.
Different substances respond to heat in different ways. If a metal chair sits in the bright sun on a hot day, it may become quite hot to the touch. An equal mass of water in the same sun will not become nearly as hot. Water is very resistant to changes in temperature, while metals in general are not. The specific heat of a substance is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of the substance by 1°C. The table below (Table below) lists the specific heats of some common substances. The symbol for specific heat is cp, with the p subscript referring to the fact that specific heats are measured at constant pressure.
.
.
.
Теплоемкость и удельная теплоемкость
Если бы бассейн и ведро, наполненные водой при одинаковой температуре, подверглись одинаковому подводу тепловой энергии, ведро воды наверняка нагрелось бы быстрее, чем бассейн. Теплоёмкость — это количество теплоты, необходимое для повышения температуры объекта на 1 °C. Теплоемкость объекта зависит как от его массы, так и от его химической природы. Из-за гораздо большей массы бассейн с водой имеет большую теплоемкость, чем ведро с водой.
Различные вещества реагируют на тепло по-разному. Если в жаркий день металлический стул оставить на солнце, он может стать весьма горячим на ощупь. Равный ему по массе объём воды оставленный на солнце не нагреется так сильно. Вода весьма устойчива к перепадам температуры, а металлы — нет. Удельная теплоемкость вещества — это количество теплоты, необходимое для повышения температуры 1 грамма вещества на 1 °C. В приведенной ниже таблице приведены значения удельной теплоёмкости для некоторых распространенных веществ. Удельная теплоемкость обозначается как Сp, индекс "p" означает, что данная величина измеряется при постоянном давлении.
Этот комментарий был удален автором.
ОтветитьУдалитьUnits of Heat
УдалитьHeat flow is measured in one of two common units: the calorie and the joule. The joule (J) is the SI unit of energy. The calorie is familiar because it is commonly used when referring to the amount of energy contained within food. A calorie (cal) is the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1°C. For example, raising the temperature of 100 g of water from 20°C to 22°C would require 100 × 2 = 200 cal.
Calories contained within food are actually kilocalories (kcal). In other words, if a certain snack contains 85 food calories, it actually contains 85 kcal or 85,000 cal. In order to make the distinction, the dietary calorie is written with a capital C.
Единицы измерения тепла
Тепловой поток измеряется в одной из двух общих единиц измерения: калория и Джоуль. Джоуль (J) является единицей энергии Си. Калория знакома, потому что она обычно используется, когда речь идет о количестве энергии, содержащейся в пище. Калория (кал) - это количество тепла, необходимое для повышения температуры 1 грамма воды на 1°C. например, для повышения температуры 100 г воды с 20°C до 22°C потребовало бы 100 *2 = 200 калорий.
Калории, содержащиеся в пище, на самом деле являются килокалориями (ккал). Другими словами, если определенная закуска содержит 85 пищевых калорий, то на самом деле она содержит 85 ккал или 85 000 кал. Для того чтобы сделать различие, диетическая калория пишется с большой буквы С.
Test 17.1
Удалить1. Chemical potential energy is the energy stored in the chemical bonds of a substance. The various chemicals in gasoline contain a large amount of chemical potential energy that is released when the gasoline is burned in a controlled way in the engine of the car. The release of that energy does two things. Some of the potential energy is transformed into work, which is used to move the car. At the same time, some of the potential energy is converted to heat, making the car’s engine very hot. The energy changes of a system occur as either heat or work, or some combination of both.
2. The two objects each will gain or lose heat until they are in equilibrium.
3. А)A chemical reaction or physical change is endothermic if heat is absorbed by the system from the surroundings.
в) A chemical reaction or physical change is exothermic if heat is released by the system into the surroundings.
4. In an endothermic reaction, heat flows from the surroundings into the system, decreasing the temperature of the surroundings. In an exothermic reaction, heat flows from the system into the surroundings, increasing the temperature of the surroundings.
So when test tube becomes very warm as the reaction occurs , that is an endothermic reaction. When the test tube becomes cold , that is an exothermic reaction.
5. The quantity of heat for a process is represented by the letter q. The sign of q for an exothermic process is negative because the system is losing heat. The sign of q for an endothermic process is positive because the system is gaining heat.
6. a. endothermic b. endothermic c. exothermic d. exothermic
7. a.345 b.363,1712 J c.51,86 cal d.58,16 kJ
8. 1,48 J/g⋅∘C
9. water : 25,5 °C
Iron: 69,5 °C
10. 35,9 g
11.467,208 J
Progress Check (Units 1-3)
УдалитьEx.1
1-a
2-c
3-a
4-c
5-a
6-b
7-c
8-a
9-b
10-a
11-b
12-a
13-c
14-a
15-b
16-b
Ex.2
1-c
2-b
3-b
4-c
5-b
6-a
7-c
8-b
9-c
10-b
11-c
17.1
ОтветитьУдалитьChemical reactions are accompanied by transfers of energy. Keeping track of heat flow and energy requirements is important for a full understanding of chemical processes. In this lesson, you are introduced to heat, energy, and the specific heat of substances.
Heat and Work
Energy is the capacity for doing work or supplying heat. When you fill your car with gasoline, you are providing it with potential energy. Chemical potential energy is the energy stored in the chemical bonds of a substance. The various chemicals in gasoline contain a large amount of chemical potential energy that is released when the gasoline is burned in a controlled way in the engine of the car. The release of that energy does two things. Some of the potential energy is transformed into work, which is used to move the car (Figure below). At the same time, some of the potential energy is converted to heat, making the car’s engine very hot. The energy changes of a system occur as either heat or work, or some combination of both.
Heat is energy that is transferred from one object or substance to another because of a difference in temperature between them. Heat always flows from an object at a higher temperature to an object at a lower temperature (Figure below). The flow of heat will continue until the two objects are at the same temperature.
Thermochemistry is the study of energy changes that occur during chemical reactions and during changes of state. When chemical reactions occur, some chemical bonds are broken, while new chemical bonds form. As a result of the rearrangement of atoms, the total chemical potential energy of the system either increases or decreases.
Химические реакции сопровождаются переносом энергии. Отслеживание теплового потока и потребности в энергии имеет важное значение для полного понимания химических процессов. На этом уроке вы познакомитесь с теплотой, энергией и удельной теплотой веществ.
Тепло и работа
Энергия - это способность выполнять работу или подавать тепло. Когда вы заправляете свой автомобиль бензином, вы обеспечиваете его потенциальной энергией. Химическая потенциальная энергия - это энергия, запасенная в химических связях вещества. Различные химические вещества в бензине содержат большое количество химической потенциальной энергии, которая высвобождается при контролируемом сжигании бензина в двигателе автомобиля. Высвобождение этой энергии делает две вещи. Часть потенциальной энергии преобразуется в работу, которая используется для перемещения автомобиля (рисунок ниже). В то же время часть потенциальной энергии преобразуется в тепло, что делает двигатель автомобиля очень горячим. Энергетические изменения системы происходят либо в виде тепла, либо в виде работы, либо в виде какой-то комбинации того и другого.
Тепло - это энергия, которая передается от одного объекта или вещества к другому из-за разницы температур между ними. Тепло всегда переходит от объекта с более высокой температурой к объекту с более низкой температурой (рисунок ниже). Поток тепла будет продолжаться до тех пор, пока оба объекта не будут иметь одинаковую температуру.
Термохимия - это изучение энергетических изменений, происходящих в ходе химических реакций и при изменении состояния организма. Когда происходят химические реакции, некоторые химические связи разрушаются, а новые - формируются. В результате перегруппировки атомов общая химическая потенциальная энергия системы либо увеличивается, либо уменьшается.
1. Chemical potential energy is stored within the chemical bonds of substances and can be converted into work and heat as chemical reactions occur.
ОтветитьУдалить2. Heat is energy that is transferred from one object or substance to another because of a difference in temperature between them. Heat always flows from an object at a higher temperature to an object at a lower temperature .The flow of heat will continue until the two objects are at the same temperature.
3. n the study of thermochemical processes, things are viewed from the point of view of the system. A chemical reaction or physical change is endothermic if heat is absorbed by the system from the surroundings. In the course of an endothermic process, the system gains heat from the surroundings, so the temperature of the surroundings decreases. The quantity of heat for a process is represented by the letter q. The sign of q for an endothermic process is positive because the system is gaining heat. A chemical reaction or physical change is exothermic if heat is released by the system into the surroundings.
4. Reaction A is exothermic, because the system gives extra heat into the surroundings. So reaction B is endothermic one.
5. The quantity of heat for a process is represented by the letter q. The sign of q for an endothermic process is positive because the system is gaining heat. The sign of q for an exothermic process is negative because the system is losing heat.
6. a) endothermic
b) endothermic
c) exothermic
d) exothermic
7. a) 0,345 Cal
b) 363,1712 J
c) 51,86 cal
d) 58,16 kJ
8. 1,48 J/g⋅°C
9. water temperature is 25,5 °C
Iron temperature is 69,5 °C
10. 35,9 g
11. 467,208 J
Different substances respond to heat in different ways. If a metal chair sits in the bright sun on a hot day, it may become quite hot to the touch. An equal mass of water in the same sun will not become nearly as hot. Water is very resistant to changes in temperature, while metals in general are not. The specific heat of a substance is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of the substance by 1°C. The table below (Table below) lists the specific heats of some common substances. The symbol for specific heat is cp, with the p subscript referring to the fact that specific heats are measured at constant pressure. The units for specific heat can either be joules per gram per degree (J/g•°C) or calories per gram per degree (cal/g•°C). This text will use J/g•°C for specific heat. Note that the specific heat of a substance depends not only on its identity but also its state. For example, ice, liquid water, and steam all have different specific heat values.
ОтветитьУдалитьРазные вещества по-разному реагируют на тепло. Если металлический стул стоит на палящем солнце в жаркий день, он становится настолько горячим, что до него невозможно дотронуться. В то же время вода на солнце не нагреется до такой степени. Вода очень устойчива к температурным изменениям, в то время как металлы совсем нет. Удельная теплоемкость вещества эт ото количество энергии, которое необходимо для нагревания одного грамма вещества на один градус. Таблица ниже включает в себя удельные теплоемкости самых распространенных веществ. Удельная теплоемкость обозначается как Ср, с «р» внизу, которая обозначает что измерение теплоемкости проводились при постоянном давлении. Единицами измерения удельной теплоемкости являются либо джоуль отнесенный к произведению 1 грамма на 1 градус Цельсия, либо килокалория, отнесенная к произведению 1 грамма на 1 градус Цельсия. В этом тексте будет использована единица измерения в Джоулях. Обратите внимание, что удельная теплоемкость вещества зависит не только от его природы, но и от его состояния. Например, лед, жидкая вода и пар имеют разные значения удельной теплоемкости.
His name is Matt D'Avella. He is a youtuber and a life coach. He planned on developing one new habit per month. They were: quitting sugar, taking cold shower, waking up at 5 a.m., meditating an hour a day, keeping a journal, quitting caffeine, counting calories, making schedules, doing breath-work and etc. By the end of his experiment he came to a conclusion that he didn't need 12 new habits to live a happy life. He thinks that people overthink the hypothetical future problems they will face so it gets more difficult for them to start. It requires motivation and inspiration to actually try developing a new habit. Three habits that changed his life the most are exercise, eating healthy and working on his business and schedule. Waking up at 5 a.m. wasn't helpful at all, as it had decreased his productivity and ruined sleeping schedule. Changing anything in oneself's way of living helps people to push themselves and realize how much courage they actually have and how strong their willpower is. However some habit we are told about might not be as useful or helpful for us as they are for others. Deprivation to some degree helps people to value things more and grow stronger. Failing repeating some action while building a habit may help with managing your own high expectations and putting too much pressure on yourself.
ОтветитьУдалитьEx. 1
Удалить1. A
2. C
3. A
4. C
5. A
6. B
7. C
8. A
9. B
10. A
11. B
12. A
13. C
14. A
15. A
16. B
Ex. 2
1. C
2. B
3. B
4. C
5. B
6. A
7. C
8. B
9. C
10. B
11. C
If the system loses a certain amount of energy, that same amount of energy is gained by the surroundings. If the system gains a certain amount of energy, that energy is supplied by the surroundings.
УдалитьIn the study of thermochemical processes, things are viewed from the point of view of the system. A chemical reaction or physical change is endothermic if heat is absorbed by the system from the surroundings. In the course of an endothermic process, the system gains heat from the surroundings, so the temperature of the surroundings decreases. The quantity of heat for a process is represented by the letter q. The sign of q for an endothermic process is positive because the system is gaining heat. A chemical reaction or physical change is exothermic if heat is released by the system into the surroundings. Because the surroundings are gaining heat from the system, the temperature of the surroundings increases. The sign of q for an exothermic process is negative because the system is losing heat. The difference between an endothermic reaction and an exothermic reaction is illustrated below (Figure below).
(A) In an endothermic reaction, heat flows from the surroundings into the system, decreasing the temperature of the surroundings. (B) In an exothermic reaction, heat flows from the system into the surroundings, increasing the temperature of the surroundings.
Если система теряет пределённое количество энергии, окружающая среда приобретает то же количество энергии. Если система приобретает определённое количество энергии, эта энергия подводится из окружающей среды.
При изучении термохимических процессов, на всё смотрят с точки зрения состояния системы. Химическая реакция или физическое превращение считается эндотермичеким, если тепло поглощается системой из окружающей среды. В курсе эндотермических процессов, система получает тепло из окружающей среды, поэтому температура окружающей среды понижается. Количество теплоты, участвующеее в процессе, обосхначаетс буквой q. Величина q для эндотермического процесса положительна, потому что система приобретает тепло. Химическая реакция или физическое превращение называется экзотермическим, если тепло выделяется в окружающую среду. так как окружающая среда получает тепло из системы, температура окружающей среды повышается. Величина q для экзотермического процесса отрицательна, потому что система теряет тепло. Разница между эндотермической и экзотермической реакциями проиллюстрирована ниже (Рисунок ниже).
(А) В эндотермической реакции тепло переходит из окружающей среды в систему, при этом понижается температура окружающей среды. (В) В экзотермической реакции тепло переходит из системы в окружающую среду, при этом повышается температура окружающей среды.
1) Substances that have a large amount of chemical potential energy can be used as fuels, as a large amount of energy is released when they are burned in a controlled way in the engine of the car. The release of that energy does two things. Some of the potential energy is transformed into work, which is used to move the car. At the same time, some of the potential energy is converted to heat, making the car’s engine very hot. The energy changes of a system occur as either heat or work, or some combination of both.
Удалить2) When two objects that have different temperatures come into contact with one another heat flows from an object at a higher temperature to an object at a lower temperature until the temperatures of the two objects are the same.
3) A chemical reaction or physical change is endothermic if heat is absorbed by the system from the surroundings.
A chemical reaction or physical change is exothermic if heat is released by the system into the surroundings.
4) In reaction A, the temperature of the surroundings (test tube) is increasing, so heat flows from the system into the surroundings and the reaction is exothermic. In reaction B the temperature of the surroundings (test tube) is decreasing, so heat flows from the surroundings into the system and the reaction is endothermic.
5) The sign of q for an endothermic process is positive because the system is gaining heat. The sign of q for an exothermic process is negative because the system is losing heat.
6) a. endothermic
b. exothermic
c. exothermic
d. exothermic
7) a. 345 cal
b. 359,824 J
c. 51,864 cal
d.58,158 kJ
8) 1,477 J/g⋅°C
9) Water : 25,5 °C
Iron: 69,5 °C
Water is used as a coolant in a car radiator because it is able to absorb large quantities of heat.
10) 35,918 g
11) 467,208 J
12) 57,4 °C
17.1
ОтветитьУдалить1) Chemical potential energy is the energy stored in the chemical bonds of a substance. The various chemicals in gasoline contain a large amount of chemical potential energy that is released when the gasoline is burned in a controlled way in the engine of the car. The release of that energy does two things. Some of the potential energy is transformed into work, which is used to move the car. At the same time, some of the potential energy is converted to heat, making the car’s engine very hot. The energy changes of a system occur as either heat or work, or some combination of both.
2) When brought into contact, heat flows from A to B until the temperatures of the two objects are the same.
3) A chemical reaction or physical change is endothermic if heat is absorbed by the system from the surroundings.
A chemical reaction or physical change is exothermic if heat is released by the system into the surroundings.
4) In an endothermic reaction, heat flows from the surroundings into the system, decreasing the temperature of the surroundings. In an exothermic reaction, heat flows from the system into the surroundings, increasing the temperature of the surroundings.
So when test tube becomes very warm as the reaction occurs , that is an endothermic reaction. When the test tube becomes cold , that is an exothermic reaction.
5) The quantity of heat for a process is represented by the letter q. The sign of q for an endothermic process is positive because the system is gaining heat. The sign of q for an exothermic process is negative because the system is losing heat.
6) a. endothermic
b. endothermic
c. exothermic
d. exothermic
7) a.345
b.363,1712 J
c.51,86 cal
d.58,16 kJ
8) 1,48 J/g⋅°C
9) water : 25,5 °C
Iron: 69,5 °C
Water is commonly used as a coolant for machinery because it is able to absorb large quantities of heat.
10) 35,9 g
11) 467,208 J
Ex. 1
1. A
2. C
3. A
4. C
5. A
6. B
7. C
8. A
9. B
10. A
11. B
12. A
13. C
14. A
15. A
16. B
Ex. 2
1. C
2. B
3. B
4. C
5. B
6. A
7. C
8. B
9. C
10. B
11. C
How to Make Good Habits Stick
Start Ridiculously Small
Get Hooked on Your Habit
Have Clear Intentions
Celebrate Your Small Wins
Design Your Environment
Surround Yourself With Supporters
Pre-Commit To Your Habit
Change Your Mindset