Здравствуйте, уважаемые студенты! Напоминаю Вам о ежедневных занятиях в Skype, присоединиться можно по ссылке - https://join.skype.com/e55vdytqxevA
1) Grammar - do the exercises-
Replace the group of words in italics Ьу an infinitive or an infinitive construction. .
It is important that he should understand th1s. Jt ts i·mportant for hi·m to understand this.
Не was the first тап who arrived.
Не was the ft:rst тап to arrive.
1 The captain was the last man who left the ship.
2 Не got to the top and was very disappointed when he found that someone else had reached it first. ·
3 T he committee have decided to send you to Paris. Y o u ( g o ) t o P a r i s ,
The committee have decided to send.)
4 Would you be very kind and lend me your umbrella?
5 There are lot of sheets that need mending.
6 I was astonished when I heard that he had left the country.
2
24 It is said that he was а brilliant scientist. (Не is said .. .)
25 The strikers decided that the strike should continue.
26 Would you Ье very kind and translate this for те?
27 It is advisaЫe that we should leave the house separately.
28 Уои signed the document without reading it, which was very stupid.
(lt was stupid ...)
29 It is said that she has а frightful temper. (She . . . )
30 Не was the first man who swam the Channel.
31 Theybelievethatheishonest.(Не...)
32 /t appears that he was killed with а Ыunt instrument. (Не appears .. .
Use passive infinitive.)
33 Не was the only one who realized the danger.
34 /t is said that the earth was originally part of the sun. (The earth ...) 35 Не took out his spare wheel and was very disappointed when he
discovered that that tyre was also punctured.
36 Jt is said that the murderer is hiding in the woods near your house.
2) Speaking -
1) Grammar - do the exercises-
Replace the group of words in italics Ьу an infinitive or an infinitive construction. .
It is important that he should understand th1s. Jt ts i·mportant for hi·m to understand this.
Не was the first тап who arrived.
Не was the ft:rst тап to arrive.
1 The captain was the last man who left the ship.
2 Не got to the top and was very disappointed when he found that someone else had reached it first. ·
3 T he committee have decided to send you to Paris. Y o u ( g o ) t o P a r i s ,
The committee have decided to send.)
4 Would you be very kind and lend me your umbrella?
5 There are lot of sheets that need mending.
6 I was astonished when I heard that he had left the country.
2
25 The strikers decided that the strike should continue.
26 Would you Ье very kind and translate this for те?
27 It is advisaЫe that we should leave the house separately.
28 Уои signed the document without reading it, which was very stupid.
(lt was stupid ...)
29 It is said that she has а frightful temper. (She . . . )
30 Не was the first man who swam the Channel.
31 Theybelievethatheishonest.(Не...)
32 /t appears that he was killed with а Ыunt instrument. (Не appears .. .
Use passive infinitive.)
33 Не was the only one who realized the danger.
34 /t is said that the earth was originally part of the sun. (The earth ...) 35 Не took out his spare wheel and was very disappointed when he
discovered that that tyre was also punctured.
36 Jt is said that the murderer is hiding in the woods near your house.
2) Speaking -
Will humans become extinct?
write an essay not less that 20-25 sentences
3) Reading/Translating/ Watching a video
Grammer
ОтветитьУдалить1. The captain was the last man to leave the ship.
2. Не got to the top and was very disappointed only to find that someone else had reached it first.
3. You are to go to Paris. The committee have decided.
4. Would you be so kind to lend me your umbrella?
5. There are a lot of sheets to be mended.
6. I was astonished to hear that he had left the country.
24. He is said to be a brilliant scientist
25.The strikers decided the strike to continue.
26. Would you be very kind to translate this for me?
27. It is advisable to leave the house separately.
28. It was stupid of you to sign the documents without reading it.
29. She is said to have a frightful temper.
30 .He was the first man to swim the Channel.
31. He is believed to be honest.
32. He appears to be killed with a blunt instrument
33. He was the only one to realiz the danger.
34 .The earth is said to be originally part of the sun.
35. He took out his spare wheel to be very disappointed to discover that that tyre was also punctured.
36.The murdere is said to be hiding in the woods near your house.
Reading 17.4
УдалитьThe combustion reactions are written with fractional coefficients for O2 because the heats of combustion that are found in a table are for the combustion of 1 mol of the given substance. To use Hess’s law, we need to determine how the three equations above can be manipulated so that they can be added together to result in the desired equation (the formation of acetylene from carbon and hydrogen).
In order to do this, we will go through the desired equation, one substance at a time—choosing the combustion reaction from the equations numbered 1-3 above that contains that substance. It may be necessary to either reverse a combustion reaction or multiply it by some factor in order to make it “fit” to the desired equation. The first reactant is carbon, and the in the equation for the desired reaction, the coefficient of the carbon is a 2. We will therefore start by writing the first combustion reaction with all of its coefficients doubled. Because we are doubling the coefficients, we also need to double the value of ΔH, since we are now looking at the heat released when two moles of graphite are combusted instead of just one.
Реакции горения записываются с дробными коэффициентами для O2, поскольку теплоты горения, найденные в таблице, относятся к горению 1 моль данного вещества. Чтобы использовать закон Гесса, нам нужно определить, как можно манипулировать тремя приведенными выше уравнениями, чтобы их можно было сложить вместе и получить желаемое уравнение (образование ацетилена из углерода и водорода).
Чтобы сделать это, мы пройдемся по желаемому уравнению, по одному веществу за раз, - выбрав реакцию сгорания из уравнений с номерами 1-3, которые содержат это вещество. Может потребоваться либо обратить реакцию горения или умножить ее на некоторый коэффициент, чтобы она «соответствовала» желаемому уравнению. Первым реагентом является углерод, и в уравнении для требуемой реакции коэффициент углерода равен 2. Поэтому мы начнем с записи первой реакции сгорания со всеми ее коэффициентами, удвоенными. Поскольку мы удваиваем коэффициенты, нам также необходимо удвоить значение ΔH, поскольку теперь мы смотрим на тепло, выделяемое при сжигании двух молей графита вместо одного.
Test 17.4
1. Some reactions take place extremely slowly, making a direct measurement unfeasible. In other cases, a given reaction may be an intermediate step in a series of reactions.
2. The standard conditions for thermochemistry are 25°C and 101.3 kPa.
3. The standard heat of formation of an element in its standard state is by definition equal to zero.
4. F2(g), Hg(l), Co(s)
5. A)CO2
B) graphite
c)Al2O3
d)O2
6.Na(s)+0,5 N2(g)+ O2(g)= NaNO2(s)
10.a)-196,4
b)-26,8
c)-1367,42
Essay
УдалитьRallying calls are widespread among conservationists seeking to inspire us to protect various endangered animals .
While it is important to support efforts to preserve vulnerable and endangered animals, there is another species that needs to be addressed: human beings.
But for many of us, the idea that humans will one day become extinct may seem a little overwhelming.
At the moment, more and more scientists are beginning to worry about this. Some of them point to all sorts of threats to humanity : nuclear war, a global pandemic, asteroids and meteorites crashing into the earth, biological weapons, climate change, overpopulation, and more.
Also, the fact that most species that have ever lived on Earth have become extinct leads some researchers to suggest that all species have a limited period of existence, and therefore human extinction is inevitable.
In addition, historical data indicate that approximately once every thousand years, an event occurs that destroys a significant portion of the human population, such as wars and infectious epidemics.
Various scenarios of human extinction come from science, popular culture, science fiction, and religion. And in the modern world, there are a large number of these scenarios. But there are several most likely reasons.
First, there are threats from space. The American space Agency has discovered the largest asteroid called "Florence", whose diameter is about five km. According to scientists, if an asteroid collides with the Earth, it will lead to the death of at least 1.2 billion inhabitants of the planet.
Second, it is the creation of artificial intelligence. Stephen Hawking, argued that there will come a time when artificial intelligence will begin to develop independently and remake itself at a great speed. While humans, limited by the speed of biological evolution, will not be able to compete with it and will soon be replaced by it.
Third, there is the threat of global warming. According to the IPCC, by 2055, global temperatures could rise by two degrees Celsius compared to the pre-industrial era. If the planet continues to warm at the same rate as it is now, then in 2136 years the temperature on Earth will rise by 44 degrees, which is considered a critical level for humanity. According to experts, this increase in temperature will lead to flooding of most of the land and regularly recurring tsunamis.
But can one thing really destroy humanity? I think not. After all, humans are unique in their adaptive capabilities, so it is impossible to draw any conclusions about the probability of human extinction based on past extinctions of other species. After all, it will take a lot of effort to completely destroy us, especially if we can one day establish colonies on other planets.
Grammar
ОтветитьУдалить1. The captain was the last man to leave the ship.
2. Не got to the top and was very disappointed only to find that someone else had reached it first.
3. The committee have chosen you to go to Paris
4. Would you be so kind to lend me your umbrella?
5. There are a lot of sheets to mend.
6. I was astonished to hear that he had left the country.
24. He is said to be a brilliant scientist.
25. The strikers decided to continue the strike.
26. Would you be so kind to translate this for me?
27. It is advisable to leave the house separately.
28. It was stupid for you to sign the documents without reading it.
29. She is said to have a frightful temper.
30. He was the first man to swim the Channel.
31. He is believed to be honest.
32. He appears to be killed with a blunt instrument
33. He was the only one to realize the danger.
34. The Earth is said to be originally part of the Sun.
35. He took out his spare wheel to be very disappointed to discover that that tyre was also punctured.
36.The murderer is said to be hiding in the woods near your house.
Text 17.4
УдалитьIt is sometimes very difficult or even impossible to measure the enthalpy change for a reaction directly in the laboratory. Some reactions take place extremely slowly, making a direct measurement unfeasible. In other cases, a given reaction may be an intermediate step in a series of reactions. Some reactions may be difficult to isolate because multiple side reactions may occur at the same time. Fortunately, it is possible to measure the enthalpy change for a reaction by an indirect method. Hess’s law of heat summation states that if two or more thermochemical equations are added together to give a final equation, then the heats of reaction for those equations can also be added together to give a heat of reaction for the final equation.
An example will illustrate how Hess’s law can be used. Acetylene is a gas that burns at an extremely high temperature (3300°C) and is used in welding. On paper, acetylene gas can be produced by the reaction of solid carbon with hydrogen gas. However, this is not an especially easy reaction for which to measure the total enthalpy change. In contrast, enthalpy changes for combustion reactions are relatively easy to measure. The heat of combustion is the heat released when one mole of a substance is completely reacted with oxygen gas.
Иногда очень трудно или даже невозможно измерить изменение энтальпии реакции непосредственно в лаборатории. Некоторые реакции протекают крайне медленно, что делает невозможным прямое измерение. В других случаях данная реакция может быть промежуточной стадией в серии реакций. Некоторые реакции крайне трудно выделить, потому что одновременно с ней могут происходить несколько побочных реакций. К счастью, изменение энтальпии реакции можно измерить косвенным методом. Закон сложения теплот Гесса гласит, что если два или более термохимических уравнения сложить вместе, чтобы получить общее уравнение, то теплоты реакции в этих уравнениях также можно сложить вместе, чтобы получить теплоту реакции для окончательного уравнения.
Пример иллюстрирует, как можно использовать закон Гесса. Ацетилен — это газ, который сгорает при очень высокой температуре (3300 °C) и используется в сварке. Чисто теоретически, газообразный ацетилен может быть получен в реакции твердого углерода с газообразным водородом. Однако это не та реакция, для которой возможно измерить общее изменение энтальпии. Напротив, относительно легко измерить изменения энтальпии для реакций горения. Теплота сгорания — это тепло, выделяющееся, когда один моль вещества полностью реагирует с газообразным кислородом.
Test 17.4
Удалить1. Some reactions take place extremely slowly, making a direct measurement unfeasible. In other cases, a given reaction may be an intermediate step in a series of reactions.
2. The standard conditions for thermochemistry are conditions with a pressure of 101,3 kPa.
3. The standard heat of formation of an element in its standard state is by definition equal to zero.
4. F2(g), Hg(l), Co(s)
5. a. CO2
b. diamond
c. Al2O3
d. O2
6. Na(s) + 0,5N2(g) + O2(g) → NaNO2(s)
7. —
8. —
9. —
10. a. - 196,4 kJ
b. - 26,8 kJ
c. - 1367,42 kJ
An application of Hess’s law allows us to use standard heats of formation to indirectly calculate the heat of reaction for any reaction that occurs at standard conditions. An enthalpy change that occurs specifically under standard conditions is called the standard enthalpy (or heat) of reaction and is given the symbol ΔH°. The standard heat of reaction can be calculated by using the following equation.
ОтветитьУдалитьThe symbol Σ is the Greek letter sigma and means “the sum of.” The standard heat of reaction is equal to the sum of all the standard heats of formation of the products minus the sum of all the standard heats of formation of the reactants. The symbol “n” signifies that each heat of formation must first be multiplied by its coefficient in the balanced equation. Sample Problem 17.8 illustrates the use of this equation.
Применение закона Гесса позволяет использовать стандартные теплоты образования для косвенного расчета теплоты реакции для любой реакции, протекающей в стандартных условиях. Изменение энтальпии, которое происходит конкретно в стандартных условиях, называется стандартной энтальпией (или теплотой) реакции и обозначается символом ΔH°. Стандартная теплота реакции может быть рассчитана с помощью следующего уравнения.
Символ Σ является греческой буквой сигма и означает "сумма." Стандартная теплота реакции равна сумме всех стандартных теплот образования продуктов минус сумма всех стандартных теплот образования реагентов. Символ "n" означает, что каждая теплота образования должна быть сначала умножена на ее коэффициент в уравнении баланса. Пример задачи 17.8 иллюстрирует использование этого уравнения.
Grammar
ОтветитьУдалить1. The captain was the last man to leave the ship.
2. Не got to the top and was very disappointed only to find that someone else had reached it first.
3. The committee have chosen you to go to Paris
4. Would you be so kind to lend me your umbrella?
5. There are a lot of sheets to mend.
6. I was astonished to hear that he had left the country.
24. He is said to be a brilliant scientist.
25. The strikers decided to continue the strike.
26. Would you be so kind to translate this for me?
27. It is advisable to leave the house separately.
28. It was stupid for you to sign the documents without reading it.
29. She is said to have a frightful temper.
30. He was the first man to swim the Channel.
31. He is believed to be honest.
32. He appears to be killed with a blunt instrument
33. He was the only one to realize the danger.
34. The Earth is said to be originally part of the Sun.
35. He took out his spare wheel to be very disappointed to discover that that tyre was also punctured.
36.The murderer is said to be hiding in the woods near your house.
Reading 17.4
The combustion reactions are written with fractional coefficients for O2 because the heats of combustion that are found in a table are for the combustion of 1 mol of the given substance. To use Hess’s law, we need to determine how the three equations above can be manipulated so that they can be added together to result in the desired equation (the formation of acetylene from carbon and hydrogen).
In order to do this, we will go through the desired equation, one substance at a time—choosing the combustion reaction from the equations numbered 1-3 above that contains that substance. It may be necessary to either reverse a combustion reaction or multiply it by some factor in order to make it “fit” to the desired equation. The first reactant is carbon, and the in the equation for the desired reaction, the coefficient of the carbon is a 2. We will therefore start by writing the first combustion reaction with all of its coefficients doubled. Because we are doubling the coefficients, we also need to double the value of ΔH, since we are now looking at the heat released when two moles of graphite are combusted instead of just one.
Реакции горения записываются с дробными коэффициентами для O2, поскольку теплоты горения, найденные в таблице, относятся к горению 1 моль данного вещества. Чтобы использовать закон Гесса, нам нужно определить, как можно манипулировать тремя приведенными выше уравнениями, чтобы их можно было сложить вместе и получить желаемое уравнение (образование ацетилена из углерода и водорода).
Чтобы сделать это, мы пройдемся по желаемому уравнению, по одному веществу за раз, - выбрав реакцию сгорания из уравнений с номерами 1-3, которые содержат это вещество. Может потребоваться либо обратить реакцию горения или умножить ее на некоторый коэффициент, чтобы она «соответствовала» желаемому уравнению. Первым реагентом является углерод, и в уравнении для требуемой реакции коэффициент углерода равен 2. Поэтому мы начнем с записи первой реакции сгорания со всеми ее коэффициентами, удвоенными. Поскольку мы удваиваем коэффициенты, нам также необходимо удвоить значение ΔH, поскольку теперь мы смотрим на тепло, выделяемое при сжигании двух молей графита вместо одного.
Test 17.4
1. Some reactions take place extremely slowly, making a direct measurement unfeasible. In other cases, a given reaction may be an intermediate step in a series of reactions.
2. The standard conditions for thermochemistry are 25°C and 101.3 kPa.
3. The standard heat of formation of an element in its standard state is by definition equal to zero.
4. F2(g), Hg(l), Co(s)
5. A)CO2
B) graphite
c)Al2O3
d)O2
6.Na(s)+0,5 N2(g)+ O2(g)= NaNO2(s)
10.a)-196,4
b)-26,8
c)-1367,42