Здравствуйте, уважаемые студенты!
Сегодня Вы работаете в блоге.
1) Grammar - Round Up p. 111- 113 ex. 2-5
2) Vocabulary - 20 words with examples of their use
3) Video - https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=DVeicfdiyQk - записать текст и дать перевод применяя технологии
4) Listening - https://listenaminute.com/a/art.html - выполнить упражнения, составить свой аналог
5) Reading&Translating - https://www.sciencenewsforstudents.org/article/new-iron-based-catalyst-converts-carbon-dioxide-jet-fuel - читать и переводить статью полностью, 1200 на контроль в блог.
Малкина Дарина 27.04.21
ОтветитьУдалить№2
81 Cation is a positively charged ion.
82 Cell potential is the difference in recovery potential between two half-cells in an electrochemical cell.
83 A chain reaction is a reaction in which the material that triggers the reaction is also one of the products and can start another reaction.
84 A chemical change is a change that gives rise to matter of a different composition.
85 A chemical equation is a conditional notation of a chemical reaction using chemical formulas, numerical coefficients and mathematical symbols.
86 Chemical equilibrium is a state of a system in which the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction.
87 Chemical potential energy is the energy stored in the chemical bonds of a substance.
88 Chemical property describes the ability of a substance to undergo certain chemical changes.
89 A chemical reaction is a process that occurs when one or more substances are converted into one or more new substances.
90 A chemical symbol refers to the letter designation of an element.
91 Chemistry, the science of chemical elements, their compounds and transformations that occur as a result of chemical reactions.
92 Closest packing is the most efficient arrangements for packing atoms, ions, or molecules in a crystal.
93 Coefficient is a small integer placed in front of a formula in a chemical equation to balance it out.
94. Colligative property - these are properties that depend on the concentration of dissolved particles
95 The theory of collisions states the following: a set of principles according to which reacting particles can form products when they collide with each other, provided that these collisions have sufficient kinetic energy and the correct orientation.
96 Colloid is a heterogeneous mixture, the particle size of which is intermediate between the particle size of the solution and suspension.
97 A combination reaction is a reaction in which two or more substances are combined into one new substance.
98 The combined gas law expresses the relationship between pressure, volume and absolute temperature of a fixed amount of gas.
99 A combustion reaction is a reaction where the reaction products are completely oxidized.
100 A common ion is an atom or molecule that has an electrical charge.
№3
УдалитьPROFESSOR: Let's look at a gas phase chemical reaction and determine the free energy difference between the products and the reactants. Now, we're going to determine delta G without the standard sign. Delta G with the standard sign would mean all the pressures would be 1 atmosphere. Here, we're not at that standard-state conditions. We're at a different set of conditions. We want to determine if that set of conditions is at equilibrium or will the reaction proceed towards products or reactants to reach equilibrium? So we know the equilibrium constant is 41. So we can calculate a reaction quotient, and compare it to the equilibrium constant, and determine which way the reaction has yet to proceed. So let's do that. The reaction quotient is given by the product concentrations over the reactant concentrations raised to their stoichiometric powers. So the partial pressure of NH3 squared, the partial pressure of nitrogen, and the partial pressure of hydrogen cubed. I can plug in the conditions I've been given. So if I plug those in, partial pressure of ammonia, 21 bar, partial pressure of N2, 4.2 bar, partial pressure of H2, 1.8 bar. And I can do that calculation. That comes out to 18, 18 less than 41. So Q is less than K. That means-- less than k, that means the denominator must be too big. The reactants are too big. So I'm going to proceed toward products to get Q to equal k. Now, for this reaction I also wanted to calculate the value of delta G, the difference between the free energies of the products and the free energies of the reactants, at these conditions. Now, I should anticipate that that's going to be negative. Because I've already said the reaction is going to go towards products. That means it has to proceed further downhill. The reactant free energies are still too high compared to the product free energies. So let's see if that holds true. I can calculate delta G from the standard state free energy difference and R, the temperature, and this equilibrium quotient that I've just calculated. So let's go ahead and do that. I can calculate delta G standard from minus RTlnK. I was given k and the temperature. So here's R, the gas constant, T, the temperature, 400k, and the equilibrium constant at 400k. So that free energy standard state difference is minus 12.3 kilojoules per mole. I can use that now to calculate delta G under these conditions where Q holds. So let's just plug some of those numbers in. Here's the standard state free energy difference, R and T, and our reaction quotient that we just calculated of 18. So now I can do that arithmetic, and I find out that the delta G for the reaction under these conditions is indeed minus 21.9 kilojoules per mole, just as we expected, the reactants at a higher free energy than the products. So when I subtract products minus reactants, I get a negative number, implying that I'm going to go downhill towards the products, the exact same prediction I got when I compared Q and K. So everything rings true. I can calculate reaction quotients. I can calculate standard state free energy differences and instantaneous free energy differences from the data I'm given, and the relationship between Q, k, delta G, and the standard state free energy.
№4
УдалитьPainting is a form of fine art, which is a way of capturing the surrounding world with paints on a surface. The main expressive means of painting is color, which affects the general perception of the viewer of the picture, which allows paying attention to important details, which enhances the emotional component of the work. The shades and tones necessary for the artist to accurately convey, volume, space are achieved by mixing colors on a palette.
There are the following main types of painting:
Easel painting. It got its name from the word "machine", which means an easel. Having installed the canvas on an easel, the master has the opportunity not only to write an interesting plot without distortion (as it happens if you draw while sitting at a table), but also from time to time move away from work in order to evaluate the result from a distance. This technique allows you to see the big picture and quickly correct mistakes.
Monumental painting. It is inextricably linked with architecture. Its other name is wall painting. Ceilings and walls of buildings are decorated with monumental paintings. As a rule, the plot of such a "canvas" emphasizes the purpose of the structure, forms a single concept with it, both artistic and thematic. Most often, the technique of fresco is used - painting on wet plaster.
There is also decorative painting, the main vocation of which is to decorate. Differs in clean, rich colors, carefully designed forms, logical composition of the composition. The features of the direction include: violation of perspective, change in proportions, lack of volume, the presence of a contour and ornamental patterns. Decorative painting can be both easel and monumental.
№5
УдалитьСамолеты выбрасывают в атмосферу Земли много углекислого газа или CO2. Эти отходы, такие как парниковый газ, способствуют глобальному потеплению. Но когда-нибудь вместо этого CO2 можно будет поглощать из воздуха и использовать для питания этих самолетов.
В настоящее время на воздушные перевозки приходится 12 процентов всех выбросов CO2, связанных с транзитом. Использование углекислого газа вместо масла для производства авиационного топлива может снизить углеродный след индустрии авиаперевозок.
Катализаторы - это материалы, ускоряющие химические реакции. Международная группа ученых создала катализатор, который может преобразовывать отработанный CO2 в топливо для реактивных двигателей. Они описали свое достижение 22 декабря 2020 года в Nature Communications.
Ученые и раньше пытались превратить CO2 в топливо. Но эти усилия основывались на катализаторах, сделанных из дорогих материалов. Этот процесс также состоял из множества этапов. Новый катализатор представляет собой порошок из дешевых ингредиентов, например железа. Он превращает CO2 в топливо для реактивных двигателей за один шаг.
Катализатор работает, расщепляя молекулы CO2 на атомы углерода и кислорода, из которых они состоят. Новый процесс происходит в реакционной камере, заполненной газообразным водородом. Катализатор помогает новым свободным атомам углерода соединяться с атомами водорода в газе. Образующиеся молекулы углеводородов могут служить топливом для реактивных двигателей. Оставшиеся атомы кислорода соединяются с атомами водорода, образуя воду.
№1
Удалить2.
2) Jimmy said that he had loved wind-surfing.
3) Grandmother said she didn't like the food.
4) Judy said that she wasn't looking forward to going back to school.
5) Mr Jones said he has getting bored of lying on the beach.
6) Paul said that he had never had so much fun in his life.
7) Tracy said that she hoped they would go back to the same place the following year.
8) Danny said that he was going to get his photos developed the following day.
3.
2) The teacher said that koalas live in Australia.
3) She said that if I had worn my jacket I wouldn't have hot cold.
4) Mum said that dinner is ready.
5) The Art teacher said that if I mix red and blue you get purple.
6) He said that he would meet me at the bus stop at three o'clock.
4.
2) Kim said that everything had started shaking and falling to the ground. She had been so scared that she had grabbed his cat and had hidden under the kitchen table.
3) Adam said that he had been cutting the grass when it happened. Suddenly, several car alarms had gone off. Then he had felt the gound shake under him. He said that he had been so terrified that he couldn't move.
4)Laura said that she was still in bed when the earthquake hit. All she could do was cover her head with a pillow and wait for it to end. She said that it was had been such a terrifying experience
5.
1) The elderly man asked the tour guide if he had found his glasses.
2) The woman with the hat asked the tour guide how long she had worked as a tour guide.
3) The lad with the sunglasses asked the tour guide what they were going to do that day.
4) The lad with the sunglasses asked the tour guide what they were going to do that day.
5) The man with the tie asked the tour guide when dinner was served at the hotel.
6) The girl with the headphones asked the tour guide what time they would leave the following day.
7) The man with the moustache asked the tour guide what time the shops opened.
8) The man with the camera asked the tour guide who had made the sculpture in the square.
9) The elderly woman asked the tour guide whether there was a shopping centre nearby.
10) The man with the blonde hair asked the tour guide if he knew where the nearest bank was.
Дарина, Вы молодец! Работаете прекрасно!
УдалитьСавельев Андрей
ОтветитьУдалить№1
#2
2) Jimmy said that he (had) loved wind-surfing
3) Grandmother said She hadn't liked the food
4) Judy said that she wasn't looking forward to going back to school
5) Mr Jones said He had been getting bored of lying on the beach
6) Paul said that he had never had so much fun in his life
7) Tracy said that she hoped they would go to the same place again next year.
8) Danny said that he was going to get his photos developed the following day
#3
2) The teacher said that koalas live in Australia
3) She said that If I had worn my jacket I wouldn't have hot cold.
4) Mum said that dinner was ready
5) The Art teacher said that If I mix red and blue I get purple
6) He said that he would meet me at tha bus stop at three o'clock.
#4
2) Kim said that everything had started shaking and falling to the fraund. She had been so scared that She had grabbed his cat and had hidden under the kitchen table.
3) Adam said that He had been cutting the grass when It happened. Suddenly, several car alarms had gone off. Then He had felt the found shake under him. He had been so terrified that he couldn't move.
4)Laura said that she was still in bed when the earthquake hit. All She could do was cover her head with a pillow and wait fo it to end. It had been such a terrrifying experience
#5
2) The elderly man wanted to know if he found his glasses.
3) The woman with the hat asked for how long he had been working as a tour guide.
4) The lad with the sunglasses wondered what he was going to do.
5) The man with the tie asked when dinner would be served.
6) The girl with the headphones asked what time they would live tommorew.
7) The man with the moustache wanted to know what time shops opened.
8) The man with the camera asked who had made hte sculpture in the square
9) The eldery woman wanted to know if there was a shopping center nearby.
10) The man with the blonde hair wanted to know where the nearest bank was.
№3
УдалитьLet's look at a gas phase chemical reaction and determine the free energy difference between the products and the reactants. Now, we're going to determine delta G without the standard sign. Delta G with the standard sign would mean all the pressures would be 1 atmosphere. Here, we're not at that standard-state conditions. We're at a different set of conditions. We want to determine if that set of conditions is at equilibrium or will the reaction proceed towards products or reactants to reach equilibrium? So we know the equilibrium constant is 41. So we can calculate a reaction quotient, and compare it to the equilibrium constant, and determine which way the reaction has yet to proceed. So let's do that. The reaction quotient is given by the product concentrations over the reactant concentrations raised to their stoichiometric powers. So the partial pressure of NH3 squared, the partial pressure of nitrogen, and the partial pressure of hydrogen cubed. I can plug in the conditions I've been given. So if I plug those in, partial pressure of ammonia, 21 bar, partial pressure of N2, 4.2 bar, partial pressure of H2, 1.8 bar. And I can do that calculation. That comes out to 18, 18 less than 41. So Q is less than K. That means-- less than k, that means the denominator must be too big. The reactants are too big. So I'm going to proceed toward products to get Q to equal k. Now, for this reaction I also wanted to calculate the value of delta G, the difference between the free energies of the products and the free energies of the reactants, at these conditions. Now, I should anticipate that that's going to be negative. Because I've already said the reaction is going to go towards products. That means it has to proceed further downhill. The reactant free energies are still too high compared to the product free energies. So let's see if that holds true. I can calculate delta G from the standard state free energy difference and R, the temperature, and this equilibrium quotient that I've just calculated. So let's go ahead and do that. I can calculate delta G standard from minus RTlnK. I was given k and the temperature. So here's R, the gas constant, T, the temperature, 400k, and the equilibrium constant at 400k. So that free energy standard state difference is minus 12.3 kilojoules per mole. I can use that now to calculate delta G under these conditions where Q holds. So let's just plug some of those numbers in. Here's the standard state free energy difference, R and T, and our reaction quotient that we just calculated of 18. So now I can do that arithmetic, and I find out that the delta G for the reaction under these conditions is indeed minus 21.9 kilojoules per mole, just as we expected, the reactants at a higher free energy than the products. So when I subtract products minus reactants, I get a negative number, implying that I'm going to go downhill towards the products, the exact same prediction I got when I compared Q and K. So everything rings true. I can calculate reaction quotients. I can calculate standard state free energy differences and instantaneous free energy differences from the data I'm given, and the relationship between Q, k, delta G, and the standard state free energy.
№4
I can't say about myself that i am a great art lover but sometimes i can visit exhibitions. The last exhibition i've visited was Collection of Fondation Louis Vuitton. This collection includes photos, paintings and sculptures. Most of the exhibits represent modern art. It was good exhibition but i am not really into modern art. I can't understand why those exhibits are important for the culture. Modern art is too young to be compared with classic painting such as The Mona Lisa or The Starry Night.
Андрей, прекрасно работаете в блоге! Очень приятно!
Удалить№1
ОтветитьУдалитьe.x.2
2.Jimmy said that he had loved wind-surfing.
3.Grandmother said she didn't like the food.
4.Judy said that she wasn't looking forward to going back to school.
5.Mr. Jones said he has getting bored of lying on the beach.
6. Paul said that he had never had so much fun in his life.
7. Tracy said that she hoped they would go back to the same place the following year.
8.Danny said that he was going to get his photos developed the following day.
e.x.3
2. The teacher said that koalas live in Australia.
3. She said that if I had worn my jacket I wouldn't have hot cold.
4. Mum said that dinner is ready.
5. The Art teacher said that if I mix red and blue you get purple.
6. He said that he would meet me at the bus stop at three o'clock.
e.x.4
2).Kim said that everything had started shaking and falling to the ground. She had been so scared that she had grabbed his cat and had hidden under the kitchen table.
3.Adam said that he had been cutting the grass when it happened. Suddenly, several car alarms had gone off. Then he had felt the gound shake under him. He said that he had been so terrified that he couldn't move.
4. Laura said that she was still in bed when the earthquake hit. All she could do was cover her head with a pillow and wait for it to end. She said that it was had been such a terrifying experience
e.x.5
1. The elderly man asked the tour guide if he had found his glasses.
2. The woman with the hat asked the tour guide how long she had worked as a tour guide.
3. The lad with the sunglasses asked the tour guide what they were going to do that day.
4. The lad with the sunglasses asked the tour guide what they were going to do that day.
5. The man with the tie asked the tour guide when dinner was served at the hotel.
6. The girl with the headphones asked the tour guide what time they would leave the following day.
7. The man with the moustache asked the tour guide what time the shops opened.
8. The man with the camera asked the tour guide who had made the sculpture in the square.
9. The elderly woman asked the tour guide whether there was a shopping centre nearby.
10. The man with the blonde hair asked the tour guide if he knew where the nearest bank was.
Новый катализатор превращает парниковый газ в реактивное топливо.
УдалитьСамолеты выбрасывают в атмосферу Земли много углекислого газа (CO2). Эти отходы, парниковый газ, способствуют глобальному потеплению. Но когда-нибудь вместо этого CO2 можно будет высасывать из воздуха и использовать для питания этих самолетов.
В настоящее время на воздушные перевозки приходится 12% всех выбросов CO2, связанных с транзитом. Использование углекислого газа вместо масла для производства реактивного топлива может снизить углеродный след авиатранспортной отрасли.
Что такое катализатор?
Катализаторы - это материалы, ускоряющие химические реакции. Международная группа ученых создала катализатор, который может преобразовывать отработанный CO2 в топливо для реактивных двигателей. Они описали свое достижение 22 декабря 2020 года в Nature Communications.
Ученые и раньше пытались превратить CO2 в топливо. Но эти усилия основывались на катализаторах, сделанных из дорогостоящих материалов. Этот процесс также состоял из множества этапов. Новый катализатор представляет собой порошок из дешевых ингредиентов, например железа. Он превращает CO2 в реактивное топливо за один шаг.
CO2 и другие парниковые газы.
Катализатор работает, расщепляя молекулы CO2 на атомы углерода и кислорода, из которых они состоят. Новый процесс происходит в реакционной камере, заполненной газообразным водородом. Катализатор помогает новым свободным атомам углерода соединяться с атомами водорода в газе. Образующиеся молекулы углеводородов могут служить топливом для реактивных двигателей. Оставшиеся атомы кислорода соединяются с атомами водорода, образуя воду.
Тяньцунь Сяо - химик Оксфордского университета в Англии. Его команда проверила катализатор на CO2 в небольшой реакционной камере. В камере устанавливали температуру 300 ° по Цельсию (572 ° по Фаренгейту). В нем также было давление, примерно в 10 раз превышающее давление воздуха на уровне моря. За 20 часов катализатор преобразовал более одной трети CO2 в новые химические продукты. Примерно половину из них составили углеводороды для реактивного топлива. Остальное - другие химические вещества. Некоторые из них можно использовать для изготовления пластмасс.
27.04✅
ОтветитьУдалитьGrammar.
Ex.2
Jimmy said he loved (had) loved wind-surfing.
Grandma said that she didn’t like the food.
Judy say that she wasn’t looking forward to going back to school.
Mr Jones said that he was (had been) getting bored of lying on the beach.
Paul said that he had never had so much fun in his life.
Tracy hoped that she would be back to same place the previous year.
Danny said that he was going to get his photos developed the following day.
Ex.3
The teacher said Koalas live in Australia.
She said if I had worn his jacket, I wouldn’t have got cold.
Mum says that dinner was ready.
The art teacher said if I mix red and blue, I get purple.
He said that he would meet me at the bus stop at tree o’clock.
Ex.4
Kim said that everything were started shaking and falling to the ground. She was so scared that she had grabbed her cat and had hidden under the kitchen table.
Adam said that he was cutting the grass when this happened. Suddenly several car alarms went off. Then he felt the ground shake under him. He was as terrified, he couldn’t move.
Laura said that she had been still in deb when the earthquake hit. All that he could do was cover her head with a pillow and wait for it to end. She said that it was had been such a terrifying experience.
Ex.5
The elderly man asked the tour guide if he had found his glasses.
The woman with the hat asked the tour guide how long she had worked as a tour guide.
The lady with the sunglasses asked the tour guide what they were going to do that day.
The man with the tie asked the tour guide when dinner was served at the hotel.
The girl with the headphones asked the tour guide what time they would leave the following day.
The man with the moustache asked the tour guide what time the shops opened.
The man with the camera asked the tour guide who had made the sculpture in the square.
The elderly woman asked the tour guide whether there was a shopping centre nearby.
The man with the blonde hair asked the tour guide if he knew where the nearest bank was.
Vocabulary.
The common ion effect is a parameter that manifests itself when you add an ion in one of the bases of the solution.
Еverything that surrounds us consists of chemical compounds.
The compressibility of Gases better than liquids.
Contact with concentrated acid solution may cause burns.
The concentration of a substance is very important in pharmacology.
During distillation, we can observe the process of condensation of liquid in the refrigerator.
Cellulose is a condensation polymer.
Condensation reactions are typical for unsaturated hydrocarbons.
Conjugate acid is a weak base.
In the acid-base balance of Bronsted-Lowry, conjugated acid-base pairs are involved.
Conjugate base
The control group is used for experiments.
The control rod acts as an inhibitor in fission reactions.
The conversion factor is used to convert one quantity to another.
The nitrogen atom in the ammonia molecule has a lone pair of electrons and therefore easily forms a coordinate covalent bond.
In chemistry, the concept of coordination number appeared with the development of the chemistry of complex compounds.
Corrosion is understood to mean the electrochemical or chemical destruction of a metallic material occurring on a surface. eighteen.
The poster shows a diagram of the origin of a covalent bond of a hydrogen molecule.
The value of the critical mass depends on the properties of the substance, such as the fission and radiation capture cross sections, on the density, the amount of impurities, and the shape of the product.
Critical pressure is a physicochemical constant of a substance.
Reading.
ОтветитьУдалитьСамолеты выбрасывают в атмосферу Земли много углекислого газа, или CO2. Эти отходы парникового газа, способствуют глобальному потеплению. Но когда-нибудь этот CO2 можно будет высосать из воздуха и использовать для питания этих самолетов.
Воздушные перевозки в настоящее время составляют 12 процентов всех выбросов CO2, связанных с транзитом. Использование CO2 вместо нефти для производства реактивного топлива может снизить углеродный след индустрии авиаперевозок. Катализаторы-это материалы, которые ускоряют химические реакции. Международная группа ученых в настоящее время создала катализатор, который может превращать отработанный CO2 в реактивное топливо. Они описали свое достижение 22 декабря 2020 года в журнале Nature Communications.
Ученые и раньше пытались превратить CO2 в топливо. Но эти усилия опирались на катализаторы, изготовленные из дорогостоящих материалов. Этот процесс также состоял из многих шагов. Новый катализатор представляет собой порошок, изготовленный из дешевых ингредиентов, таких как железо. Он преобразует CO2 в реактивное топливо за один шаг. Катализатор работает путем расщепления молекул CO2 на атомы углерода и кислорода, из которых они состоят. Новый процесс происходит в реакционной камере, заполненной газообразным водородом. Катализатор помогает вновь свободным атомам углерода соединиться с атомами водорода в газе. Полученные молекулы углеводородов могут служить в качестве реактивного топлива. Оставшиеся атомы кислорода соединяются с атомами водорода, образуя воду.
Listening.
Contemporary art is sometimes difficult to understand and explain logically. Often without prompts, descriptions of the picture you will not understand what the author wanted to convey to the beholder. One of the most memorable art objects was the roof on wheels, which was controlled by a remote control. This is a real illustration of the phraseological unit “the roof is going”. This year I went to a painting master class for the first time. it is incredibly relaxing and gives a feeling of freedom. After that I even bought a canvas, paints and brushes, but unfortunately I never started painting.
Силютин Александр
ОтветитьУдалить1)
№2.
2) Jimmy said that he had loved wind-surfing.
3) Grandmother said she didn't like the food.
4) Judy said that she wasn't looking forward to going back to school.
5) Mr Jones said he has getting bored of lying on the beach.
6) Paul said that he had never had so much fun in his life.
7) Tracy said that she hoped they would go back to the same place the following year.
8) Danny said that he was going to get his photos developed the following day.
№3.
2) The teacher said that koalas live in Australia.
3) She said that if I had worn my jacket I wouldn't have hot cold.
4) Mum said that dinner is ready.
5) The Art teacher said that if I mix red and blue you get purple.
6) He said that he would meet me at the bus stop at three o'clock.
№4.
2) Kim said that everything had started shaking and falling to the ground. She had been so scared that she had grabbed his cat and had hidden under the kitchen table.
3) Adam said that he had been cutting the grass when it happened. Suddenly, several car alarms had gone off. Then he had felt the gound shake under him. He said that he had been so terrified that he couldn't move.
4)Laura said that she was still in bed when the earthquake hit. All she could do was cover her head with a pillow and wait for it to end. She said that it was had been such a terrifying experience
№5.
1) The elderly man asked the tour guide if he had found his glasses.
2) The woman with the hat asked the tour guide how long she had worked as a tour guide.
3) The lad with the sunglasses asked the tour guide what they were going to do that day.
4) The lad with the sunglasses asked the tour guide what they were going to do that day.
5) The man with the tie asked the tour guide when dinner was served at the hotel.
6) The girl with the headphones asked the tour guide what time they would leave the following day.
7) The man with the moustache asked the tour guide what time the shops opened.
8) The man with the camera asked the tour guide who had made the sculpture in the square.
9) The elderly woman asked the tour guide whether there was a shopping centre nearby.
10) The man with the blonde hair asked the tour guide if he knew where the nearest bank was.
3) Let's look at a gas phase chemical reaction and determine the free energy difference between the products and the reactants. Now, we're going to determine delta G without the standard sign. Delta G with the standard sign would mean all the pressures would be 1 atmosphere. Here, we're not at that standard-state conditions. We're at a different set of conditions. We want to determine if that set of conditions is at equilibrium or will the reaction proceed towards products or reactants to reach equilibrium? So we know the equilibrium constant is 41. So we can calculate a reaction quotient, and compare it to the equilibrium constant, and determine which way the reaction has yet to proceed. So let's do that. The reaction quotient is given by the product concentrations over the reactant concentrations raised to their stoichiometric powers. So the partial pressure of NH3 squared, the partial pressure of nitrogen, and the partial pressure of hydrogen cubed. I can plug in the conditions I've been given. So if I plug those in, partial pressure of ammonia, 21 bar, partial pressure of N2, 4.2 bar, partial pressure of H2, 1.8 bar. And I can do that calculation. That comes out to 18, 18 less than 41.
Силютин Александр
УдалитьSo Q is less than K. That means-- less than k, that means the denominator must be too big. The reactants are too big. So I'm going to proceed toward products to get Q to equal k. Now, for this reaction I also wanted to calculate the value of delta G, the difference between the free energies of the products and the free energies of the reactants, at these conditions. Now, I should anticipate that that's going to be negative. Because I've already said the reaction is going to go towards products. That means it has to proceed further downhill. The reactant free energies are still too high compared to the product free energies. So let's see if that holds true. I can calculate delta G from the standard state free energy difference and R, the temperature, and this equilibrium quotient that I've just calculated. So let's go ahead and do that. I can calculate delta G standard from minus RTlnK. I was given k and the temperature. So here's R, the gas constant, T, the temperature, 400k, and the equilibrium constant at 400k. So that free energy standard state difference is minus 12.3 kilojoules per mole. I can use that now to calculate delta G under these conditions where Q holds. So let's just plug some of those numbers in. Here's the standard state free energy difference, R and T, and our reaction quotient that we just calculated of 18. So now I can do that arithmetic, and I find out that the delta G for the reaction under these conditions is indeed minus 21.9 kilojoules per mole, just as we expected, the reactants at a higher free energy than the products. So when I subtract products minus reactants, I get a negative number, implying that I'm going to go downhill towards the products, the exact same prediction I got when I compared Q and K. So everything rings true. I can calculate reaction quotients. I can calculate standard state free energy differences and instantaneous free energy differences from the data I'm given, and the relationship between Q, k, delta G, and the standard state free energy.
4) Art is a complex topic. Many of us dreamed of becoming famous thanks to our arts, but if you look objectively, it will immediately become clear that it depends only on talent. Of course, not everyone is destined to become a great artist. But, perhaps, some have and are hidden talent for this and he just needs to develop it. At the same time, everyone needs to know that everyone is talented in something. And if you do not succeed in something, you need to try yourself in something else.
Силютин Александр
Удалить5) Самолеты выбрасывают в атмосферу Земли много углекислого газа или CO2. Эти отходы, парниковый газ, способствуют глобальному потеплению. Но когда-нибудь вместо этого CO2 можно будет высасывать из воздуха и использовать для питания этих самолетов.
В настоящее время на воздушные перевозки приходится 12 процентов всех выбросов CO2, связанных с транзитом. Использование углекислого газа вместо масла для производства авиационного топлива может снизить углеродный след индустрии авиаперевозок.
Объяснение: Что такое катализатор?
Катализаторы - это материалы, ускоряющие химические реакции. Международная группа ученых создала катализатор, который может преобразовывать отработанный CO2 в топливо для реактивных двигателей. Они описали свое достижение 22 декабря 2020 года в Nature Communications.
Ученые и раньше пытались превратить CO2 в топливо. Но в этих усилиях использовались катализаторы из дорогостоящих материалов. Этот процесс также состоял из множества этапов. Новый катализатор представляет собой порошок из дешевых ингредиентов, например железа. Он превращает CO2 в топливо для реактивных двигателей за один шаг.
Объяснение: CO2 и другие парниковые газы
Катализатор работает, расщепляя молекулы CO2 на атомы углерода и кислорода, из которых они состоят. Новый процесс происходит в реакционной камере, заполненной газообразным водородом. Катализатор помогает новым свободным атомам углерода соединяться с атомами водорода в газе. Образующиеся молекулы углеводородов могут служить топливом для реактивных двигателей. Оставшиеся атомы кислорода соединяются с атомами водорода, образуя воду.