Здравствуйте, Уважаемые Студенты! Обращаю Ваше внимание на то, что не все ФИ идентифицированы, поэтому пожалуйста подписывайтесь. Что же Вас ожидает сегодня.... 1. Grammar Test 4 - материалы предоставляются на занятии, позже публикуются в Вашем блоге. 2. Pronunciation - http://usefulenglish.ru/phonetics/practice-consonant-contrast 3. Lecture - https://studfiles.net/preview/5708252/page:19/ * Составьте 20 вопросов по тексту лекции. 4. Speaking - https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/advanced-c1-listening/tech-addiction Выразите своё мнение по данной теме 15-20 предложений, не забывайте воспользоваться словарём! Keys to punctuation task: Nobody seemed to care about Mary . She was born in India , where her father was a British official . He was busy with his work , and her mother , who was very beautiful , spent all her time going to parties . So an Indian woman , Kamala , was paid to take care of the little girl . Mary was not a pretty child . ...
Малкина Дарина 04.05.21
ОтветитьУдалить№1
10.
2) He complained to me of having a sore throat.
3) She begged her mum to let her go out and play.
4) He offered to open the door.
5) She warned him not to get dirty in the garden.
6) Tim refused to tidy Helen's bedroom.
7) She exclaimed that it was a silly thing to say.
8) She accused him of breaking her CD player.
11.
2) She begged me not to leave her alone.
3) She ordered me to do it at once.
4) She agreed to do the washing-up.
5) She reminded me to take the dog out.
6) She ordered everyone to sit down.
7) She asked me if she could use my phone.
8) She apologised for having shouted at me.
9) She threatened to tell my parents if I didn't behave.
10) She explained that it only worked if you pressed the green button.
11) She agreed that it was a brilliant film.
12) She complained to me of feeling tired all day.
13) She promised to write to me.
14) She offered to give me a lift home.
15) She suggested going for a swim.
16) She accused me of breaking broken the computer.
17) She advised me to tell them the truth.
12.
2) He agreed to tell her what had happened.
3) Sue begged her mother to let her go to the party.
4) Ted promised his father that he would never be naughty again.
5) She explained that she didn't come to school because she was ill.
6) He suggested playing chess.
7) He apologised for forgetting to phone her.
8) She reminded him to go to the post office.
9) The doctor advised him to exercise more.
10) She complained that Mark was always shouting at her.
11) He agreed that it was a nice dress.
12) He offered to carry Tracy's bag.
13) Bill refused to let me copy his homework.
14) She accused him of scratching her DVD.
№3
A habit is a form of behavior (a way of acting or a tendency) of a person, learned over a certain period of life, which has become common, constant and, under certain conditions, acquires the character of dependence.
A bad habit is a socio-psychological concept that encompasses a number of different forms of social behavior that are regularly performed by a person and harm him: smoking, drug and alcohol use, pathological craving for gambling and computer games, etc.
This is why these habits are “bad”:
First, bad habits affect human health and performance.
Secondly, bad habits reduce the social value of a person;
Thirdly, bad habits impede the harmonious development of a person;
Fourthly, some bad habits distort reality and reduce self-control, and, therefore, a person can commit illegal actions and spoil his future fate.
It must be remembered that the absence of bad habits is the key to health, longevity, success and excellent mood. If it is impossible to get rid of bad habits on your own, then you should seek help from loved ones, a psychologist or a psychotherapist.
№2
УдалитьPROFESSOR: We can measure the free energy difference between products and reactants at any stage in a chemical reaction. If we arbitrarily set all the pressures in concentrations to one atmosphere, or one molar, then that's the standard state, and we can measure free energy differences there. But the product and reactant concentrations can change. If we measure the concentrations at other than one molar and one atmosphere, that's a free energy and we remove the little degree sign that indicate standard state. So as reactions proceed, the free energies of the products and reactants change. At the beginning, the reactant free energy will be high, and the product free energy is low. As the reaction proceeds, the reactant free energies drop, and the product free energies raise until you get to a point where the free energies are the same. So the difference between the free energy of the products and the reactants is zero. And that's the equilibrium state where I can switch in between product and reactant with no free energy penalty. The playing field has been leveled. So let's look at that for a couple of different cases. When delta G for a chemical reaction is less than zero, that means the products are lower in free energy than the reactants. Remember it's products minus reactants. So if you have a higher reactant free energy than the products, then delta G will be negative. That's the same case for Q less than K. A Q less than K says Q is too small. The denominator, the reactants, is too big. I should go toward products. Delta G less than zero says the same thing. Reactants are high, products are low, and I should go towards products. If I look at delta G equals zero, that's the equilibrium situation. And that's where Q equals K, where my concentrations are such that they're not going to change. The playing field has been leveled, the free energy of the products, the free energy of the reactants are the same. I can interchange between the two, the macroscopic properties won't change, Q and K are the same. I can also think about the situation where delta G is positive. That would mean the product free energies are higher. Or Q is bigger than K, the numerator is too big on Q. In order to make that small I have to go back towards reactants. So this says go back towards reactants. So I can summarize that in an analytical form. I can write delta G is the standard state free energy plus RTlnQ, the free energy of a chemical reaction is a function of the concentrations, just like we thought. As the reaction proceeds, the reactant free energies change, the product free energies change until they come to equilibrium. Notice that delta G standard is a constant. That's the delta G difference for everything at one molar or one atmosphere of pressure. That's a constant for a given temperature. So delta G varies based on that standard state and the concentrations. And we have a nice formula that relates free energy to the conditions that exist right now, Q, the reaction quotient.
№4
УдалитьМолекула обычно состоит из двух или более атомов, скрепленных химическими связями. Молекулы могут быть гомоядерными. Это означает, что они содержат атомы только одного элемента. Кислород, которым мы дышим, например, представляет собой молекулу из двух атомов кислорода - O2. Другие гетероядерные молекулы - состоят более чем из одного элемента. Молекула воды - H2O - состоит из двух атомов водорода, связанных с одним атомом кислорода.
Молекулы составляют ваше собственное тело, воздух, которым мы дышим, все живое вокруг нас. Молекула - это мельчайшая частица вещества, обладающая всеми химическими свойствами этого вещества. Например, одна молекула воды - H2O - обладает всеми свойствами воды. Но разделите ее на атомы, и она больше не будет водой.
Более мелкие молекулы могут объединяться в большие. Например, одна цепь ДНК - это одна большая молекула. Эта одна молекула ДНК состоит из множества более мелких молекул, включая сахара и фосфаты. Разберите молекулу ДНК, и она не сможет делать то, что делает ДНК - дать инструкции, необходимые клеткам для выживания.
В совокупности атомы в большинстве молекул имеют нейтральный электрический заряд - ни положительный, ни отрицательный. Но некоторые атомы, такие как гелий, не имеют электрического заряда даже сами по себе. Некоторые люди также считают эти отдельные атомы молекулами. А некоторые молекулы действительно имеют электрический заряд. Эти заряженные молекулы называются ионами.
№5
121 Critical temperature the highest temperature at which a substance can possibly exist as a liquid.
122 Crystal a solid substance in which the particles are arranged in an orderly, repeating, three-dimensional pattern.
123 Cyclic hydrocarbons are substances whose molecules contain a closed chain of carbon atoms.
124 Cycloalkanes are cyclic hydrocarbons that do not contain multiple bonds in the molecule and correspond to the general formula: CnH2n.
125 Cycloalkenes are hydrocarbons containing a closed ring of carbon atoms, but not aromatic. In cycloalkenes, there is a double bond between carbon atoms.
126 Cycloalkine consists of a closed ring of carbon atoms containing one or more triple bonds
127 Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures is a law that states that the total pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of all the partial pressures of the constituent gases.
128 Radioactive series (families) - chains of radioactive transformations.
129 A decomposition reaction is a reaction in which a compound breaks down into two or more simple substances.
130 A delocalized electron is an electron in an atom, ion, or molecule that is not bound to any atom or covalent bond.
131 Density is a scalar physical quantity defined as the ratio of body mass to the volume occupied by this body.
132 Dependent variable - in a scientific experiment, a measurable variable, changes in which are associated with changes in the independent variable.
133 Deposition the change of state from a gas to a solid.
134 Derived unit the unit that results from a mathematical combination of SI base.
135 Diatomic element an element whose natural form is of a diatomic molecule.
136 Diatomic molecule a molecule containing two atoms.
137 Diffusion is a non-equilibrium process of movement of a substance from an area with a high concentration to an area with a low concentration, leading to a spontaneous equalization of concentrations throughout the occupied volume.
138 Dilute a solution that has a relatively small amount of dissolved solute.
139 Dimensional analysis a technique that uses the units of the measurement in order to correctly solve numerical problems.
140 Dipole is an idealized system serving for an approximate description of the field created by more complex systems of charges, as well as for an approximate description of the action of an external field on such systems.
Дарина, прекрасно!
УдалитьСавельев Андрей
ОтветитьУдалить№1
#10
2) He complained that he is having a sore throat
3) He begged mom to let him go out and play
4) He offered to open the door
5) She warned him not to get dirty in the garden
6) He refused to tidy Helen's bedroom
7) She remarked that It was silly thing to say
8) She accused him of breaking her CD player
#11
2) He begged her not to leave him alone
3) He ordered him to do it now
4) He agreed to do the washing-up
5) She reminded me to take the dog out
6) He ordered to sit down
7) She asked me to use my phone
8) He apologised for shouting on me
9) She threatened to tell the parent if i wasn't behaved
10) He explained me that it worked only when green buttopn pressed
11) He agreed that it was a brilliant film
12) He complained that he had been ffeeling tired all day
13) He promised to write to me
14) He offered to lift me to home
15) He suggested going to swim
16) She accured him for breaking the computer
17) She advised me to tell the truth
#12
2) He agreed to tell her what happened
3) Sue begged mother to let her go to the party
4) Ted promised to never be naughty again
5) She explained that she was ill
6) He suggested playing chess
7) He apologised for not phoning her
8) She remind him to go to post office
9) The doctor advised him to exercise more
10) She complained that mark was always shouting at her
11) He admited that it was a nice dress
12) He suggested to my bags
13) Bill refused to let me copy his homework
14) She accused him for straching her DVD
№3
Bad habits are a relative thing. Someone can allow himself to be late on a meeting when the other one thinks that it will show his bad manners. Some people think that It is bad to listen to loud music in public space other might don't even care that it is bad they just listening to music. Obviously i also have a bad habits. But I can't tell about them because I don't know that something in me can be annoying because no one tells me about it. One bad habbit that constantly annoys me mad It is when someone takes my thing and don't give it back. But usually I don't get mad at someone's bad habbit because I know that changing yourself is difficult and it is almost impossible to change someone else.
№2
УдалитьWe can measure the free energy difference between products and reactants at any stage in a chemical reaction. If we arbitrarily set all the pressures in concentrations to one atmosphere, or one molar, then that's the standard state, and we can measure free energy differences there. But the product and reactant concentrations can change. If we measure the concentrations at other than one molar and one atmosphere, that's a free energy and we remove the little degree sign that indicate standard state. So as reactions proceed, the free energies of the products and reactants change. At the beginning, the reactant free energy will be high, and the product free energy is low. As the reaction proceeds, the reactant free energies drop, and the product free energies raise until you get to a point where the free energies are the same. So the difference between the free energy of the products and the reactants is zero. And that's the equilibrium state where I can switch in between product and reactant with no free energy penalty. The playing field has been leveled. So let's look at that for a couple of different cases. When delta G for a chemical reaction is less than zero, that means the products are lower in free energy than the reactants. Remember it's products minus reactants. So if you have a higher reactant free energy than the products, then delta G will be negative. That's the same case for Q less than K. A Q less than K says Q is too small. The denominator, the reactants, is too big. I should go toward products. Delta G less than zero says the same thing. Reactants are high, products are low, and I should go towards products. If I look at delta G equals zero, that's the equilibrium situation. And that's where Q equals K, where my concentrations are such that they're not going to change. The playing field has been leveled, the free energy of the products, the free energy of the reactants are the same. I can interchange between the two, the macroscopic properties won't change, Q and K are the same. I can also think about the situation where delta G is positive. That would mean the product free energies are higher. Or Q is bigger than K, the numerator is too big on Q. In order to make that small I have to go back towards reactants. So this says go back towards reactants. So I can summarize that in an analytical form. I can write delta G is the standard state free energy plus RTlnQ, the free energy of a chemical reaction is a function of the concentrations, just like we thought. As the reaction proceeds, the reactant free energies change, the product free energies change until they come to equilibrium. Notice that delta G standard is a constant. That's the delta G difference for everything at one molar or one atmosphere of pressure. That's a constant for a given temperature. So delta G varies based on that standard state and the concentrations. And we have a nice formula that relates free energy to the conditions that exist right now, Q, the reaction quotient.
№1
ОтветитьУдалитьe.x.10
2.He complained to me of having a sore throat.
3.She begged her mum to let her go out and play.
4.He offered to open the door.
5.She warned him not to get dirty in the garden.
6.Tim refused to tidy Helen's bedroom.
7.She exclaimed that it was a silly thing to say.
8.She accused him of breaking her CD player.
e.x.11
2.She begged me not to leave her alone.
3.She ordered me to do it at once.
4.She agreed to do the washing-up.
5.She reminded me to take the dog out.
6.She ordered everyone to sit down.
7.She asked me if she could use my phone.
8.She apologised for having shouted at me.
9.She threatened to tell my parents if I didn't behave.
10.She explained that it only worked if you pressed the green button.
11.She agreed that it was a brilliant film.
12.She complained to me of feeling tired all day.
13.She promised to write to me.
14.She offered to give me a lift home.
15.She suggested going for a swim.
16.She accused me of breaking broken the computer.
17.She advised me to tell them the truth.
e.x.12
2. He agreed to tell her what had happened.
3. Sue begged her mother to let her go to the party.
4. Ted promised his father that he would never be naughty again.
5. She explained that she didn't come to school because she was ill.
6. He suggested playing chess.
7. He apologised for forgetting to phone her.
8. She reminded him to go to the post office.
9. The doctor advised him to exercise more.
10. She complained that Mark was always shouting at her.
11. He agreed that it was a nice dress.
12. He offered to carry Tracy's bag.
13. Bill refused to let me copy his homework.
14. She accused him of scratching her DVD.
Ученые говорят: молекула.
УдалитьМолекула обычно состоит из двух или более атомов, скрепленных химическими связями.
Молекулы могут быть гомоядерными. Это означает, что они содержат атомы только одного элемента. Кислород, которым мы дышим, например, представляет собой молекулу из двух атомов кислорода - O2. Другие молекулы гетероядерны - состоят более чем из одного элемента. Молекула воды - H2O - состоит из двух атомов водорода, связанных с одним атомом кислорода.
Молекулы составляют ваше собственное тело, воздух, которым мы дышим, все живое вокруг нас. Молекула - это мельчайшая частица вещества, обладающая всеми химическими свойствами этого вещества. Например, одна молекула воды - H2O - обладает всеми свойствами воды. Но разделите ее на атомы, и она больше не будет водой.
Более мелкие молекулы могут объединяться в большие. Например, одна цепь ДНК - это одна большая молекула. Эта одна молекула ДНК состоит из множества более мелких молекул, включая сахара и фосфаты. Разберите молекулу ДНК, и она не сможет делать то, что делает ДНК - дать инструкции, необходимые клеткам для выживания.
Вместе атомы в большинстве молекул имеют нейтральный электрический заряд - ни положительный, ни отрицательный. Но некоторые атомы, такие как гелий, не имеют электрического заряда даже сами по себе. Некоторые люди также считают эти отдельные атомы молекулами. А некоторые молекулы действительно имеют электрический заряд. Эти заряженные молекулы называются ионами.
Приложение.
В ваших подмышечных впадинах бактерии превращают молекулу пота без запаха в действительно вонючую.
Grammar.
ОтветитьУдалитьEx. 10
He complained me to get a sore throat.
She begged mother not to let go out and play.
He offered her to open the door.
She refused him not to get dirty in the garden.
Tim warned me not to go tidy Helen’s bedroom.
She exclaimed what a silly thing say.
She accused him of broking her CD player.
Ex. 11.
He begged me not to leave me alone.
He ordered me to do in at the time.
He agree to washing-up.
He remains me to take the dog out.
He ordered everybody to sit down.
He asked me to use my phone.
He apologised for shouted at me.
He threatened to tell my parents if you didn’t behave.
He explained that it only worked if I press the green button.
He agreed that it had been a brilliant film.
He said that he had been filling tired all day.
He promised to write me.
He offered to give me lift home, if l like.
He suggested going to swim.
He accuse me of broking the computer.
He advised me to say them the truth.
Ex.12
He promised to tell her what happened.
Sue begged her mother to let go to the petty.
Ted offered to never be naughty again.
She warmed the teacher not to come school, because she has been ill.
He suggested playing chess.
He apologised for forgetting to phone me.
She reminded him not to forget to go to the post office.
Doctor advised me to exercise more.
She complained that Mart always shouted at her.
He agreed that it was a nice dress.
He offered to carry my bag.
He refused not to copy his homework.
She accused him to scratch her DVD.
Vocabulary
The forces arising between polar molecules are called dipole-dipole.
During hydrolysis, disaccharides are broken down into their constituent monosaccharides.
Dissociation is a wasteful process.
Distillation is considered as a technological process for the separation and refining of multicomponent substances.
If a bond is formed by atoms dividing two pairs of electrons, then it is called a double covalent bond.
Double-replacement reactions are usually called an exchange reaction.
Not clear.
To measure the electric potential, special devices are used - electrocopes and electrometers.
A special type of electrochemical cell is a transformer.
A great impetus to the development of electrochemistry was put by the experiments in 1771 by the Italian anatomist and physiologist Luigi Galvani with the muscles of a dissected frog.
The most important characteristic of electrodes is the electrode potential.
Some anodes dissolve during electrolysis.
Examples of electrolyte include acids, salts, bases and some crystals.
Several types of electrolytic cell are used: dry, flowing, membrane and diaphragm.
Electromagnetic radiation is capable of propagating in almost all environments.
For most of history, visible light has been the only known part of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Electrons, like light, can experience interference and diffraction.
In periods from left to right, the electron affinity and oxidizing properties of the elements increase.
Electronic configuration is usually written for atoms in their ground state.
The highest electronegativity in halogens and strong oxidants.
Listening.
ОтветитьУдалитьEach person himself determines what is a bad habit for him and what is not. For some, eating chips before bed is common, and some find it disgusting. For some, mate and rude words are routine, for others it is taboo. One of my worst habits is to say the words parasites, for example "like" or "well". I often leave the tea bag packaging on the curbstone, which is pretty annoying for my neighbors. But I am working on it, I try to focus my attention on it every time. All people are not perfect, everyone has bad habits. The main thing is to see them in yourself and correct them.
Reading.
Молекула обычно состоит из двух или более атомов, соединенных химическими связями.
Молекулы могут быть гомоядерными. Это означает, что они содержат атомы только одного элемента. Например, кислород, которым мы дышим, представляет собой молекулу из двух атомов кислорода O2. Другие молекулы являются гетероядерными состоят из более чем одного элемента. Молекула воды H2O состоит из двух атомов водорода, связанных с одним атомом кислорода.
Молекулы составляют ваше собственное тело, воздух, которым мы дышим, все живое вокруг нас. Молекула это мельчайшая частица вещества, которая все еще обладает всеми химическими свойствами этого вещества. Например, одна молекула воды Н2О обладает всеми свойствами воды. Но разделите ее на атомы, и она больше не будет водой.
Более мелкие молекулы могут соединяться вместе, образуя большие. Например, одна нить ДНК-это одна большая молекула. Эта одна молекула ДНК состоит из множества более мелких молекул, включая сахара и фосфаты. Разберите молекулу ДНК, и она не сможет делать то, что делает ДНК, давать инструкции, необходимые клеткам для выживания.
Вместе взятые, атомы в большинстве молекул имеют нейтральный электрический заряд — ни положительный, ни отрицательный. Но некоторые атомы, такие как гелий, не имеют электрического заряда даже сами по себе. Некоторые люди тоже считают эти одиночные атомы молекулами. И некоторые молекулы действительно имеют электрический заряд. Эти заряженные молекулы называются ионами.
Силютин Александр
ОтветитьУдалить1)1
№10.
2) He complained to me of having a sore throat.
3) She begged her mum to let her go out and play.
4) He offered to open the door.
5) She warned him not to get dirty in the garden.
6) Tim refused to tidy Helen's bedroom.
7) She exclaimed that it was a silly thing to say.
8) She accused him of breaking her CD player.
№11.
2) She begged me not to leave her alone.
3) She ordered me to do it at once.
4) She agreed to do the washing-up.
5) She reminded me to take the dog out.
6) She ordered everyone to sit down.
7) She asked me if she could use my phone.
8) She apologised for having shouted at me.
9) She threatened to tell my parents if I didn't behave.
10) She explained that it only worked if you pressed the green button.
11) She agreed that it was a brilliant film.
12) She complained to me of feeling tired all day.
13) She promised to write to me.
14) She offered to give me a lift home.
15) She suggested going for a swim.
16) She accused me of breaking broken the computer.
17) She advised me to tell them the truth.
№12.
2) He agreed to tell her what had happened.
3) Sue begged her mother to let her go to the party.
4) Ted promised his father that he would never be naughty again.
5) She explained that she didn't come to school because she was ill.
6) He suggested playing chess.
7) He apologised for forgetting to phone her.
8) She reminded him to go to the post office.
9) The doctor advised him to exercise more.
10) She complained that Mark was always shouting at her.
11) He agreed that it was a nice dress.
12) He offered to carry Tracy's bag.
13) Bill refused to let me copy his homework.
14) She accused him of scratching her DVD.
2) We can measure the free energy difference between products and reactants at any stage in a chemical reaction. If we arbitrarily set all the pressures in concentrations to one atmosphere, or one molar, then that's the standard state, and we can measure free energy differences there. But the product and reactant concentrations can change. If we measure the concentrations at other than one molar and one atmosphere, that's a free energy and we remove the little degree sign that indicate standard state. So as reactions proceed, the free energies of the products and reactants change. At the beginning, the reactant free energy will be high, and the product free energy is low. As the reaction proceeds, the reactant free energies drop, and the product free energies raise until you get to a point where the free energies are the same. So the difference between the free energy of the products and the reactants is zero. And that's the equilibrium state where I can switch in between product and reactant with no free energy penalty. The playing field has been leveled. So let's look at that for a couple of different cases. When delta G for a chemical reaction is less than zero, that means the products are lower in free energy than the reactants. Remember it's products minus reactants. So if you have a higher reactant free energy than the products, then delta G will be negative. That's the same case for Q less than K. A Q less than K says Q is too small. The denominator, the reactants, is too big. I should go toward products. Delta G less than zero says the same thing. Reactants are high, products are low, and I should go towards products. If I look at delta G equals zero, that's the equilibrium situation. And that's where Q equals K, where my concentrations are such that they're not going to change. The playing field has been leveled, the free energy of the products, the free energy of the reactants are the same. I can interchange between the two, the macroscopic properties won't change, Q and K are the same. I can also think about the situation where delta G is positive.
Силютин Александр
УдалитьThat would mean the product free energies are higher. Or Q is bigger than K, the numerator is too big on Q. In order to make that small I have to go back towards reactants. So this says go back towards reactants. So I can summarize that in an analytical form. I can write delta G is the standard state free energy plus RTlnQ, the free energy of a chemical reaction is a function of the concentrations, just like we thought. As the reaction proceeds, the reactant free energies change, the product free energies change until they come to equilibrium. Notice that delta G standard is a constant. That's the delta G difference for everything at one molar or one atmosphere of pressure. That's a constant for a given temperature. So delta G varies based on that standard state and the concentrations. And we have a nice formula that relates free energy to the conditions that exist right now, Q, the reaction quotient.
3) Everyone has at least one bad habit. But what are bad habits? A bad habit is a socio-psychological concept that encompasses a number of different forms of social behavior that are regularly performed by a person and bring harm to him: smoking, drug and alcohol use, pathological craving for gambling and computer games, and drugs. Despite all this, many bad habits are based on the rule of etiquette in different countries and sometimes what is normal in one country is indecent in another. But even so, such bad habits as alcohol or smoking are the worst of all, because they destroy our health. And it is from them that you should get rid of in the first place.
4) Молекулы могут быть одноядерными. Это означает, что они содержат атомы только одного элемента. Кислород, которым мы дышим, например, представляет собой молекулу из двух атомов кислорода - O2. Другие молекулы многоядерные - состоят более чем из одного элемента. Молекула воды - H2O - состоит из двух атомов водорода, связанных с одним атомом кислорода.
Молекулы составляют ваше собственное тело, воздух, которым мы дышим, все живое вокруг нас. Молекула - это мельчайшая частица вещества, обладающая всеми химическими свойствами этого вещества. Например, одна молекула воды - H2O - обладает всеми свойствами воды. Но разделите ее на атомы, и она больше не будет водой.
Более мелкие молекулы могут объединяться в большие. Например, одна цепь ДНК - это одна большая молекула. Эта одна молекула ДНК состоит из множества более мелких молекул, включая сахара и фосфаты. Разберите молекулу ДНК, и она не сможет делать то, что делает ДНК, - давать инструкции, необходимые клеткам для выживания.
Вместе атомы в большинстве молекул имеют нейтральный электрический заряд - ни положительный, ни отрицательный. Но некоторые атомы, такие как гелий, не имеют электрического заряда даже сами по себе. Некоторые люди также считают эти отдельные атомы молекулами. А некоторые молекулы действительно имеют электрический заряд. Эти заряженные молекулы называются ионами.