Здравствуйте, уважаемые студенты. Уважаемые студенты, у нас с Вами остаётся три занятия в этом семестре и далее 2 курс сдаёт экзамен, все остальные - диф.зачёт. Дату я сообщу позже. Явка на экзамен и диф.зачёт строго обязательна!
В связи с тем, что курсы лекций завершены, мы можем оставшиеся занятия провести по старому расписанию.
1) Grammar - TEST см. Skype
2) Video - записать текст, перевод.
https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=fysCY3d9zAU
3) Listening - составить своё.
https://listenaminute.com/b/books.html
4) Reading&Translating- 1200 знаков на перевод
https://www.sciencenewsforstudents.org/classroom-question/questions-chemistry-green-and-clean
Савельев Андрей
ОтветитьУдалить№1
#1
1) b
2) a
3) d
4) c
5) b
6) c
7) a
8) b
9) b
10) a
11) a
12) c
13) d
#2
1) up
2) after
3) off
4) up
5) for
6) through
#3
1) from
2) on
3) from
4) of
5) with
6) of
#4
1) Unless you leave now, you will be late
2) In spite of the fact that she is a famous, she isn't very happy
3) What a kind man Rodney is
4) Max left early so as not to miss the train
5) She advised me to go on a diet
6) I weren't sure about goint to that party
#5
1) If i could find my pasport, i wouldn't be very worried
2) If i don't find my pasport, they won't let me on the plane
3) If i hadn't been careless, i wouldn't have lost it
4) If there had been an embassy, i would have asked them for help
5) I wish i had a calling card, I would have rung my family
6) I wish somneone would find my passport
#6
1) Kimberley suggested going on a skiing holiday this winter for a change
2) She orderet him to pich up his bag and go to the headmaster's office at that time
3) He apologised for the way he acted that night
4) She complained that he always forgot her birthday
5) He asked why she was so sad. She explained that she had lost her necklace
6) He agreed to help her with homework al long as she do the washing-up
7) She said that she didn't tell his secret them
№3
I can't say about myself that I am a bookworm as an author. But i agree with him about that book should be i your hand and made of paper. When a was young i hated reading books because of boring stories. I remember that day what has changed my opinion on that. My school teacher has given a list of books for the summer. From that huge list a decided to read Pushkin's novel "Dubrovsky". That novel flipped my ideas about reading upside down. Since then i have started to enjoy reading books.
№2
УдалитьEquilibrium is the condition where products and reactants freely interchange. The free energy difference between the products and the reactants is 0, so there's no energy penalty to switch back and forth. And they do so freely. Now at equilibrium, the products or the reactants may be favored. If the products are favored, that implies a standard state free energy difference that's less than 0, a negative standard state free energy, and a equilibrium constant that's greater than 1. So those two things are correlated. The standard state free energy is the free energy difference between all the products and reactants at 1 atmosphere, if they're gases, 1 molar if they're a concentration, or a pure solid or pure liquid. So if I looked at this in the standard state, I'd have 1 molar d and c, 1 molar a and b. And the free energy difference between those would be the standard free energy difference. Now that's not the equilibrium situation. Obviously, if I have 1 molar of everything, that's an arbitrary standard condition that I've chosen. But if the standard state free energy difference is negative, less than 0, that indicates that at equilibrium, the products will be favored. If the standard free energy difference is greater than 0, it's positive, then at equilibrium, the reactants will be favored. K greater than 1 indicates products will be favored. K less than 1 indicates reactants will be favored. So there's a correlation between the magnitude of K and the magnitude of delta G standard. In fact, you can say, for standard state free energies, negative, less than 0, that's a spontaneous reaction. We say it favors products. That's also true for K greater than 1. Products over reactants, if the product is larger than reactants, then that's greater than 1 in the ratio. And that's a K greater than 1. Products are favored. So if both of these favor products, spontaneous is the label we give them. Now notice that that label, spontaneous, means products are favored at equilibrium. It doesn't have anything to do with the rate of the reaction or how fast we get there. It just means that once we get to equilibrium, the products are favored. The other situation where delta G standard is positive that says, if you have 1 molar and 1 atmosphere of everything, I tend to go back towards reactants to get to equilibrium, then reactants are favored at equilibrium and K is less than 1. Those are called not spontaneous reactions or non spontaneous. Now just because a reaction is non spontaneous does not mean it doesn't form any products. It doesn't mean the reaction doesn't go. It just means when I get to equilibrium, it's the reactants that are favored. There will be some products, but the reactants are favored. They're in higher concentrations or pressures, in general. If the standard free energy difference is 0, and that would be a strange situation, that would say if everything is 1 molar and 1 atmosphere, that the reaction's at equilibrium.
And of course K would be equal to 1, because you would put in 1 for every pressure or every concentration, and you'd get a K equal to 1. So if it were the case where, say these were all gases and A, B, C and D were all one atmosphere of pressure, and that turned out to be the equilibrium situation, then K would be 1 and the free energy difference between the products and the reactants would be 0, because the equilibrium situation means the pressures don't change from those pressures. They stay at 1. Standard free energy 0, K equal 1. Not a common situation, but mathematically, it's one we can think about. So in general, we have a relationship between delta G and K that we have now intuitive. K is less than 1, delta G greater than 0. K is greater than 1, delta G less than 0. So that behaves like a natural log function. Here, if you take the natural log of K, and you go to K is greater than one, that's positive. Put a negative sign in front of that, that would give you negative delta G's. So K's greater than 1 give you negative delta G's for this natural log function. And when you go to a fraction less than 1, the natural log function becomes negative. Multiply that times a negative, and you get a positive sign. So that accounts for this relationship. A K less than 1, a fraction, gives you a negative natural log and a positive delta G. So this relationship, delta G standard is minus R, the gas constant, T, the temperature, natural log of K is the relationship that we intuitively kind of understood from the magnitudes of these. It's the mathematical relationship between delta G standard and K. Of course, you could also solve for K. K is exponential delta G standard minus over RT. So these two relationships allow us to switch between free energies and equilibrium constants analytically. That is, we could look up standard state free energies, calculate the standard state free energy difference for a reaction, and calculate the value of K. So you can see the power of the thermodynamics as they relate to each other. Tables of standard state free energies give you equilibrium constants and tell you how a reaction is favored at equilibrium, products or reactants. That's the nature of the relationship between the standard state free energy and the equilibrium constant, K.
УдалитьМалкина Дарина 11.05.21
ОтветитьУдалить№1
1.
1) B
2) D
3) D
4) C
5) B
6) C
7) A
8) B
9) B
10) A
11) A
12) C
13) D
2.
1) up
2) after
3) off
4) up
5) for
6) through
3.
1) from
2) on
3) from
4) of
5) with
6) of
4.
1) Unless you leave now, you'll be late.
2) In spite of being famous, she isn't very happy.
3) What a kind person Rodney is.
4) Max left early so as not to miss the train.
5) She advised me to go on a diet.
6) If I were you, I wouldn't go to that party.
5.
1) If I found my passport, I wouldn't be so worried.
2) If I don't find my passport soon, they won't let me on the plane.
3) If I hadn't been careless, I wouldn't have lost it.
4) If there was an embassy in this town, I would be able to ask them for help.
5) If I had a calling card, I would be able to phone my family.
6) If someone finds my passport, I will be able to go home.
6
1) Kimberley suggested going they should go on a skiing holiday that winter for a change.
2) She ordered him to pick up his bag and go to the headmaster's office immediately.
3) Rick apologised for the way he had acted the night before previous night.
4) She complained that he always forgot her birthday.
5) He asked her why she was so sad and she explained that she had lost her necklace.
6) He agreed to help her with the housework as long as she did the washing-up.
7) She denied having told them Tom's secret.
№3
There are many advantages to reading, below are the most important ones:
1) brain stimulation
Research shows that stimulating the brain can slow (or prevent) Alzheimer's and dementia. Brain activity prevents the main organ from losing power. Like any muscle in the body, the brain needs exercise to stay strong and healthy.
2) Reducing stress
No matter how much stress your job, personal life, or other challenges you face every day, it all disappears as you plunge into history. High-quality novels will take you to other worlds, while an entertaining article will captivate and keep you in the present moment. The tension will go away and you will relax.
3) Knowledge
Everything you read is a source of new information. You never know when what information will come in handy. The more knowledge, the more chances that you will cope with any task that life throws up.
4) Expanding vocabulary
The more you read, the more words add to your daily vocabulary. A well-delivered speech will not interfere with work, and the ability to speak confidently with higher-level colleagues will increase self-esteem. This will help a career, because well-read, erudite people with developed speech advance faster in the service, in contrast to those who have less vocabulary and already outlook.
5) Development of memory
When you read a book, you have to memorize the characters, their characters, goals, history and many nuances, as well as navigate well in the plot, topics that are intertwined with each other. This is a complex process, but the brain is an amazing organ that remembers all this with ease. Amazingly, each memorization creates new neural pathways and reinforces existing ones.
That is why I am sure that reading books is necessary for every person. Not all of the benefits of reading are listed here.
PROFESSOR: Equilibrium is the condition where products and reactants freely interchange. The free energy difference between the products and the reactants is 0, so there's no energy penalty to switch back and forth. And they do so freely. Now at equilibrium, the products or the reactants may be favored. If the products are favored, that implies a standard state free energy difference that's less than 0, a negative standard state free energy, and a equilibrium constant that's greater than 1. So those two things are correlated. The standard state free energy is the free energy difference between all the products and reactants at 1 atmosphere, if they're gases, 1 molar if they're a concentration, or a pure solid or pure liquid. So if I looked at this in the standard state, I'd have 1 molar d and c, 1 molar a and b. And the free energy difference between those would be the standard free energy difference. Now that's not the equilibrium situation. Obviously, if I have 1 molar of everything, that's an arbitrary standard condition that I've chosen. But if the standard state free energy difference is negative, less than 0, that indicates that at equilibrium, the products will be favored. If the standard free energy difference is greater than 0, it's positive, then at equilibrium, the reactants will be favored. K greater than 1 indicates products will be favored. K less than 1 indicates reactants will be favored. So there's a correlation between the magnitude of K and the magnitude of delta G standard. In fact, you can say, for standard state free energies, negative, less than 0, that's a spontaneous reaction. We say it favors products. That's also true for K greater than 1. Products over reactants, if the product is larger than reactants, then that's greater than 1 in the ratio. And that's a K greater than 1. Products are favored. So if both of these favor products, spontaneous is the label we give them. Now notice that that label, spontaneous, means products are favored at equilibrium. It doesn't have anything to do with the rate of the reaction or how fast we get there. It just means that once we get to equilibrium, the products are favored. The other situation where delta G standard is positive that says, if you have 1 molar and 1 atmosphere of everything, I tend to go back towards reactants to get to equilibrium, then reactants are favored at equilibrium and K is less than 1. Those are called not spontaneous reactions or non spontaneous. Now just because a reaction is non spontaneous does not mean it doesn't form any products. It doesn't mean the reaction doesn't go. It just means when I get to equilibrium, it's the reactants that are favored. There will be some products, but the reactants are favored. They're in higher concentrations or pressures, in general. If the standard free energy difference is 0, and that would be a strange situation, that would say if everything is 1 molar and 1 atmosphere, that the reaction's at equilibrium. And of course K would be equal to 1, because you would put in 1 for every pressureor every concentration, and you'd get a K equal to 1. So if it were the case where, say these were all gases and A, B, C and D were all one atmosphere of pressure, and that turned out to be the equilibrium situation, then K would be 1 and the free energy difference between the products and the reactants would be 0, because the equilibrium situation means the pressures don't change from those pressures. They stay at 1. Standard free energy 0, K equal 1. Not a common situation, but mathematically, it's one we can think about. So in general, we have a relationship between delta G and K that we have now intuitive. K is less than 1, delta G greater than 0. K is greater than 1, delta G less than 0. So that behaves like a natural log function. Here, if you take the natural log of K, and you go to K is greater than one, that's positive. Put a negative sign in front of that, that would give you negative delta G's.
Удалить№4
Удалить141 Dipole-dipole forces the attractive forces that occur between polar molecules; the positive end of one dipole is attracted to the negative end of a neighboring dipole.
142 Disaccharides - organic compounds, one of the main groups of carbohydrates; are a special case of oligosaccharides.
143 Electrolytic dissociation is the process of decomposition of molecules into ions when it dissolves or melts.
144 Distillation - distillation, evaporation of a liquid, followed by cooling and condensation of vapors.
145 Double bond, a covalent four-electron bond between two neighboring atoms in a molecule.
146 A double substitution, double substitution, or metathesis reaction is a reaction in which a double ion exchange occurs between two compounds without any of these oxidations or reductions.
147 Effusion the process of a confined gas escaping through a tiny hole in its container.
148 Electric potential - the time component of the four-dimensional electromagnetic potential, also sometimes called the scalar potential
149 An electrochemical cell in a simplified form is a system consisting of two electrodes and an electrolyte, in which the reactions of oxidation and reduction of chemical components take place with the transfer of electrons to or from active materials.
150 Electrochemistry is a branch of chemical science, which examines systems and interphase boundaries when an electric current flows through them, investigates processes in conductors.
151 Electrode - an electrical conductor that has electronic conductivity and is in contact with an ionic conductor an electrolyte (ionic liquid, ionized gas, solid electrolyte).
152 Electrolysis is a set of redox reactions occurring under the influence of direct electric current on electrodes immersed in a solution or molten electrolyte.
153 Electrolyte - a substance that conducts an electric current due to dissociation into ions, which occurs in solutions and melts, or the movement of ions in the crystal lattices of solid electrolytes.
154 Electrolytic cell - an electrochemical device used to carry out electrochemical reactions and is a vessel with an electrolyte in which two electrodes are immersed.
155 Electromagnetic radiation is a disturbance (change in state) of an electromagnetic field propagating in space.
156 The scale of electromagnetic waves has the form of a continuously filled gradation from infinitely long electromagnetic waves, which correspond to direct current, to waves whose length is 10-16 m.
157 An electron is an elementary particle with a negative electric charge, which is part of all atoms, and therefore of any ordinary substance, it is the lightest of the electrically charged particles.
158 Electron affinity the energy change that occurs when a neutral atom gains an electron.
159 Electron configuration is a formula for the arrangement of electrons in various electron shells of an atom of a chemical element or molecule. The electronic configuration is usually written for atoms in their ground state.
160 Geometries of the electronic domain Until now, they are one of five out of five: linear, trigonal planar, tetrahedral, trigonal bipyramidal or octahedral.
11.05✅
ОтветитьУдалитьGrammar. Test.
Ex.1
B
A
D
C
B
C
A
B
B
A
A
C
D
Ex.2
Up
After
Off
Up
For
Through
Ex.3
From
On
From
About
With
Back
Ex.4
Unless you leave now, you will be late.
In spite of the fact that she so famous, she isn’t very happy.
What kind Rodney!
Max left early as as not to miss the train.
She advised me to go on a diet.
Is I were you I wouldn’t go to that party.
Ex.5
If I could find my passport, I wouldn’t be very worried.
If I don’t find it soon, I will not let me on the plane.
If I had been careless, I wouldn’t have lost it.
If embassy was in this town, I would ask them for help.
If I had a calling card, I would phone my family.
I wish someone found my passport.
Ex.6.
Kimberly suggested going in a skiing holiday that winter for a change.
She ordered him to pitch up his bag and go to the headmaster’s office immediately.
Rick apologised for acting the previous night.
She completed that he always forget her birthday.
He asked why she was sad. She explained that she had lost her necklace.
He agreed to help with the housework as long as she do the washing up.
She admitted not telling them his secret.
Video. (Фрагмент)
Equilibrium is the condition where products and reactants freely interchange.
The free energy difference between the product and the reactants is 0, so there's no energy penalty to switch back and forth. If the products are favored, that implies a standard state free energy difference that's less than 0, a negative standard state free energy, and a equilibrium constant that's greater than 1. So those two things are correlated.
The standard state free energy is the free energy difference between all the products and reactants at 1 atmosphere, if they're gases, 1 molar if they're a concentration,or a pure solid or pure liquid. So if I looked at this in the standard state, I'd have 1 molar d and c, 1 molar a and b.
If the standard state free energy difference is negative, less than 0, that indicates that at equilibrium, the products will be favored. If the standard free energy difference is greater than 0, it's positive, then at equilibrium, the reactants will be favored. K greater than 1 indicates products will be favored. K less than 1 indicates reactants will be favored.
Равновесие-это состояние, при котором продукты и реагенты свободно обмениваются.
Разница в свободной энергии между продуктом и реагентами равна 0, поэтому нет никакого энергетических затрат за переход туда и обратно. Если продукты предпочтительны, это подразумевает разницу в свободной энергии стандартного состояния, которая меньше 0, отрицательную свободную энергию стандартного состояния и константу равновесия, которая больше 1.
Стандартная свободная энергия состояния-это разность свободной энергии между всеми продуктами и реагентами в 1 атмосфере, если это газы, 1 моляр, если это концентрация, или чистое твердое вещество или чистая жидкость. Поэтому, если бы я посмотрел на это в стандартном состоянии, у меня был бы 1 моляр d и c, 1 моляр a и b.
Если разность свободной энергии стандартного состояния отрицательна, меньше 0, это указывает на то, что при равновесии продукты будут благоприятствовать. Если стандартная разность свободных энергий больше 0, она положительна, то при равновесии реагенты будут благоприятствовать. K больше 1 указывает на то, что продукты будут одобрены. K меньше 1 указывает на то, что реактивы будут предпочтительными.
Listening.
ОтветитьУдалитьI can talk about books for a long, long time. The last book I read is “Uwe” by Frederic Beckmann. The book is translated very cool, I think in the original it was written in the same manner. Without high words, descriptions of nature, only experiences, situations from the life of the heroes. Probably this is what I liked about her. At one time I read a lot of novels, classics and science fiction. I also have a favorite author Paolo Coelho. It all started with the book "Veronica Decides to Die", which I found in the city library. That's when I started writing reviews on the last pages of the book, then I signed up for "bookworm". Then I read "Alchemist". I really wanted to buy this book: a beautiful cover, a favorite author, an interesting plot - I was very bribed. Now I mostly read books on my phone in the subway, including textbooks. It's incredible that I can have so many things on such a small device. I'm already looking forward to summer to read "pride and prejudice", though I haven't decided yet in the original or in translation.
Reading.
Не открывается.
Силютин Александр
ОтветитьУдалить1)
№1
1) b
2) a
3) d
4) c
5) b
6) c
7) a
8) b
9) d
10) a
11) a
12) b
13) d
№2
1) up
2) after
3) off
4) up
5) for
6) through
№3
1) from
2) on
3) from
4) of
5) with
6) of
№4
1) Unless you leave now, you will be late
2) In spite of the fact that she is a famous, she isn't very happy
3) What a kind man Rodney is
4) Max left early so as not to miss the train
5) She advised me to go on a diet
6) I weren't sure about goint to that party
№5
1) If i could find my passport, i wouldn't be very worried
2) If i don't find my passport, they won't let me on the plane
3) If i hadn't been careless, i wouldn't have lost it
4) If there had been an embassy, i would have asked them for help
5) I wish i had a calling card, I would have rung my family
6) I wish someone would find my passport
№6
1) Kimberley suggested going on a skiing holiday this winter for a change
2) She ordered him to pick up his bag and go to the headmaster's office at that time
3) He apologized for the way he acted that night
4) She complained that he always forgot her birthday
5) He asked why she was so sad. She explained that she had lost her necklace
6) He agreed to help her with homework al long as she do the washing-up
7) She said that she didn't tell his secret them
2) Equilibrium is the condition where products and reactants freely interchange. The free energy difference between the products and the reactants is 0, so there's no energy penalty to switch back and forth. And they do so freely. Now at equilibrium, the products or the reactants may be favored. If the products are favored, that implies a standard state free energy difference that's less than 0, a negative standard state free energy, and a equilibrium constant that's greater than 1. So those two things are correlated. The standard state free energy is the free energy difference between all the products and reactants at 1 atmosphere, if they're gases, 1 molar if they're a concentration, or a pure solid or pure liquid. So if I looked at this in the standard state, I'd have 1 molar d and c, 1 molar a and b. And the free energy difference between those would be the standard free energy difference. Now that's not the equilibrium situation. Obviously, if I have 1 molar of everything, that's an arbitrary standard condition that I've chosen.
Силютин Александр
УдалитьBut if the standard state free energy difference is negative, less than 0, that indicates that at equilibrium, the products will be favored. If the standard free energy difference is greater than 0, it's positive, then at equilibrium, the reactants will be favored. K greater than 1 indicates products will be favored. K less than 1 indicates reactants will be favored. So there's a correlation between the magnitude of K and the magnitude of delta G standard. In fact, you can say, for standard state free energies, negative, less than 0, that's a spontaneous reaction. We say it favors products. That's also true for K greater than 1. Products over reactants, if the product is larger than reactants, then that's greater than 1 in the ratio. And that's a K greater than 1. Products are favored. So if both of these favor products, spontaneous is the label we give them. Now notice that that label, spontaneous, means products are favored at equilibrium. It doesn't have anything to do with the rate of the reaction or how fast we get there. It just means that once we get to equilibrium, the products are favored. The other situation where delta G standard is positive that says, if you have 1 molar and 1 atmosphere of everything, I tend to go back towards reactants to get to equilibrium, then reactants are favored at equilibrium and K is less than 1. Those are called not spontaneous reactions or non spontaneous. Now just because a reaction is non spontaneous does not mean it doesn't form any products. It doesn't mean the reaction doesn't go. It just means when I get to equilibrium, it's the reactants that are favored. There will be some products, but the reactants are favored. They're in higher concentrations or pressures, in general. If the standard free energy difference is 0, and that would be a strange situation, that would say if everything is 1 molar and 1 atmosphere, that the reaction's at equilibrium. And of course K would be equal to 1, because you would put in 1 for every pressureor every concentration, and you'd get a K equal to 1. So if it were the case where, say these were all gases and A, B, C and D were all one atmosphere of pressure, and that turned out to be the equilibrium situation, then K would be 1 and the free energy difference between the products and the reactants would be 0, because the equilibrium situation means the pressures don't change from those pressures. They stay at 1. Standard free energy 0, K equal 1. Not a common situation, but mathematically, it's one we can think about. So in general, we have a relationship between delta G and K that we have now intuitive. K is less than 1, delta G greater than 0. K is greater than 1, delta G less than 0. So that behaves like a natural log function. Here, if you take the natural log of K, and you go to K is greater than one, that's positive. Put a negative sign in front of that, that would give you negative delta G's.