Здравствуйте, Уважаемые Студенты! Обращаю Ваше внимание на то, что не все ФИ идентифицированы, поэтому пожалуйста подписывайтесь. Что же Вас ожидает сегодня.... 1. Grammar Test 4 - материалы предоставляются на занятии, позже публикуются в Вашем блоге. 2. Pronunciation - http://usefulenglish.ru/phonetics/practice-consonant-contrast 3. Lecture - https://studfiles.net/preview/5708252/page:19/ * Составьте 20 вопросов по тексту лекции. 4. Speaking - https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/advanced-c1-listening/tech-addiction Выразите своё мнение по данной теме 15-20 предложений, не забывайте воспользоваться словарём! Keys to punctuation task: Nobody seemed to care about Mary . She was born in India , where her father was a British official . He was busy with his work , and her mother , who was very beautiful , spent all her time going to parties . So an Indian woman , Kamala , was paid to take care of the little girl . Mary was not a pretty child . ...
№1
ОтветитьУдалить6.
2) Frank asked her why she had chosen to become a marine biologist.
3) Frank wondered what kind of marine plants and animals she protected at the park.
4) Frank asked her if she looked after any endangered species.
5) Frank wondered if there were any interesting observations she had made.
6) Frank wanted to know if she had published any of her research.
7.
2) asked
3) begged
4) advised
5) suggested
6) ordered
7) told
8) ordered
8.
2) He told him to make himself lunch.
3) He told him to tidy his room.
4) He asked him to feed the dog.
5) He told him not to order anything online.
6) He advised him not to leave any rubbish in the kitchen.
7) He told him to answer the phone.
8) He told him not to take his mother's car.
9.
2) He asked if he could go home then.
3) He told her that she could go in but she would have to be quiet.
4) He asked what time they would arrive in Cairo.
5) He said that she had to try harder if she wanted to succeed.
6) She said that her father would be angry with her if he found out.
7) He told her that she shouldn't drive so fast.
8) He said that he would be able to meet me on Friday.
9) She told him that he had better ask his parents.
10) He told her that he might not be able to meet her at the train station.
№4
An avatar is akin to a photograph in a passport. Each person, registering on the forum, on a social network, can choose an avatar. This image will be the user's face.
It was assumed that only real photographs of people should be used. But today everyone can put the avatar they want.
Use an avatar to personalize their online profile. This is especially true for those who do not just communicate with family and friends, but also try to build their own business using the network. An avatar is your display. How users perceive you and what they can expect from you. By the way, with its help you can create the image you need using a picture that carries a certain meaning.
People who plan to use their profile on social media, forums or websites for business purposes are better off being open and using their real photo. In this situation, it is inappropriate to hide your identity.
During creation, it is important to remember the main thing - this is self-presentation. The virtual world limits us in the transmission of intonation or gestures, so an avatar is able to give other users more information about who you are and how to communicate with you correctly.
№2
Удалить101 The field effect consists in the change of charge carriers in the near-surface layer of a semiconductor by the action of an external electric field.
102 A chemical compound is a substance consisting of two or more types of atoms or ions combined into a molecule; therefore it can be decomposed into two or more simpler substances.
103 Compressibility - the property of a substance to change its volume under the influence of uniform all-round external pressure.
104 Concentrated - saturated, containing a lot of solute.
105 Сoncentration a measure of the amount of solute that has been dissolved in a given amount of solvent or solution.
106 Condensation the change of state from a gas to a liquid.
107 Condensation polymer a polymer formed by condensation reactions.
108 Condensation reaction a reaction in which two molecules combine to form a single molecule.
109 Conjugate acid, in Bronsted-Lowry acid-base theory, is a chemical compound formed when an acid donates a proton to a base, in other words, it is a base with a hydrogen ion added to it, as in the reverse reaction it loses a hydrogen ion.
110 Conjugated acid-base pairs in terms of the absence or presence of a hydrogen ion or proton. With this in mind, the base becomes the conjugate acid, accepting a proton, and the acid becomes the conjugate base, donating it.
111 A base conjugated with an acid is a substance capable of attaching a proton.
112 Control group a group that experiences the same conditions as the experimental groups with the exception of the variable that is being tested.
113 Control rod a rod made of cadmium or boron that is used in a nuclear reactor to limit the available neutrons by absorbing some of them and preventing the fission reaction from proceeding too rapidly. 114 conversion factor - the ratio of equivalent measurements used to convert a quantity from one unit to another.
115 Coordinate covalent bond A covalent bond in which one of the atoms contributes to both electrons in a common pair.
116 Coordination number is the number of ions or atoms that directly surround an ion of opposite charge or other atoms in the crystal lattice.
117 Corrosion is a spontaneous process that occurs due to the instability of the thermodynamic system metal - environmental components.
118 A covalent bond is a chemical bond formed by the overlap (socialization) of a pair of valence (located on the outer shell of the atom) electron clouds.
119 Critical mass - in nuclear physics, the minimum mass of fissile matter required to start a self-sustaining fission chain reaction.
120 Critical pressure is the pressure of a substance (or mixture of substances) in its critical state.
№3
УдалитьPROFESSOR: Equilibrium is the condition where products and reactants freely interchange. The free energy difference between the products and the reactants is 0, so there's no energy penalty to switch back and forth. And they do so freely. Now at equilibrium, the products or the reactants may be favored. If the products are favored, that implies a standard state free energy difference that's less than 0, a negative standard state free energy, and a equilibrium constant that's greater than 1. So those two things are correlated. The standard state free energy is the free energy difference between all the products and reactants at 1 atmosphere, if they're gases, 1 molar if they're a concentration, or a pure solid or pure liquid. So if I looked at this in the standard state, I'd have 1 molar d and c, 1 molar a and b. And the free energy difference between those would be the standard free energy difference. Now that's not the equilibrium situation. Obviously, if I have 1 molar of everything, that's an arbitrary standard condition that I've chosen. But if the standard state free energy difference is negative, less than 0, that indicates that at equilibrium, the products will be favored. If the standard free energy difference is greater than 0, it's positive, then at equilibrium, the reactants will be favored. K greater than 1 indicates products will be favored. K less than 1 indicates reactants will be favored. So there's a correlation between the magnitude of K and the magnitude of delta G standard. In fact, you can say, for standard state free energies, negative, less than 0, that's a spontaneous reaction. We say it favors products. That's also true for K greater than 1. Products over reactants, if the product is larger than reactants, then that's greater than 1 in the ratio. And that's a K greater than 1. Products are favored. So if both of these favor products, spontaneous is the label we give them. Now notice that that label, spontaneous, means products are favored at equilibrium. It doesn't have anything to do with the rate of the reaction or how fast we get there. It just means that once we get to equilibrium, the products are favored. The other situation where delta G standard is positive that says, if you have 1 molar and 1 atmosphere of everything, I tend to go back towards reactants to get to equilibrium, then reactants are favored at equilibrium and K is less than 1. Those are called not spontaneous reactions or non spontaneous. Now just because a reaction is non spontaneous does not mean it doesn't form any products. It doesn't mean the reaction doesn't go. It just means when I get to equilibrium, it's the reactants that are favored. There will be some products, but the reactants are favored. They're in higher concentrations or pressures, in general. If the standard free energy difference is 0, and that would be a strange situation, that would say if everything is 1 molar and 1 atmosphere, that the reaction's at equilibrium. And of course K would be equal to 1, because you would put in 1 for every pressureor every concentration, and you'd get a K equal to 1. So if it were the case where, say these were all gases and A, B, C and D were all one atmosphere of pressure, and that turned out to be the equilibrium situation, then K would be 1 and the free energy difference between the products and the reactants would be 0, because the equilibrium situation means the pressures don't change from those pressures. They stay at 1. Standard free energy 0, K equal 1.
№3 (продолжение)
УдалитьNot a common situation, but mathematically, it's one we can think about. So in general, we have a relationship between delta G and K that we have now intuitive. K is less than 1, delta G greater than 0. K is greater than 1, delta G less than 0. So that behaves like a natural log function. Here, if you take the natural log of K, and you go to K is greater than one, that's positive. Put a negative sign in front of that, that would give you negative delta G's. So K's greater than 1 give you negative delta G's for this natural log function. And when you go to a fraction less than 1, the natural log function becomes negative. Multiply that times a negative, and you get a positive sign. So that accounts for this relationship. A K less than 1, a fraction, gives you a negative natural log and a positive delta G. So this relationship, delta G standard is minus R, the gas constant, T, the temperature, natural log of K is the relationship that we intuitively kind of understood from the magnitudes of these. It's the mathematical relationship between delta G standard and K. Of course, you could also solve for K. K is exponential delta G standard minus over RT. So these two relationships allow us to switch between free energies and equilibrium constants analytically. That is, we could look up standard state free energies, calculate the standard state free energy difference for a reaction, and calculate the value of K. So you can see the power of the thermodynamics as they relate to each other. Tables of standard state free energies give you equilibrium constants and tell you how a reaction is favored at equilibrium, products or reactants.
That's the nature of the relationship between the standard state free energy and the equilibrium constant, K.
№5
Когда вы сортируете бутылки с газировкой и полиэтиленовые пакеты от остального мусора, создается впечатление, что вы помогаете планете. Чем больше пластика вы поместите в синюю корзину, тем больше не попадете на свалки, верно?
Неправильный. Независимо от того, сколько пластика вы пытаетесь переработать, большая его часть оказывается в мусорной куче.
Возьмите гибкие продуктовые пакеты. Эти пленки состоят из нескольких слоев, каждый из которых сделан из пластика разного типа. Поскольку каждый тип должен быть переработан отдельно, эти пленки не подлежат вторичной переработке. Даже некоторые предметы, сделанные только из одного вида пластика, не подлежат переработке. Например, стаканчики для йогурта содержат пластик, называемый полипропиленом. Когда он перерабатывается, он превращается в грубый, темный, пахнущий материал. Так что большинство заводов по переработке не беспокоятся об этом.
В США обычно перерабатывают только два вида пластика. Один из них используется в бутылках из-под газировки. Это называется ПЭТ, сокращенно от полиэтилентерефталата. Другой - пластик в кувшинах для молока и контейнерах для моющих средств. Это полиэтилен высокой плотности, или HDPE. Вместе эти пластмассы составляют лишь небольшую часть пластикового мусора. По данным Агентства по охране окружающей среды США, только в 2018 году в США было захоронено 27 миллионов тонн пластика. Было переработано всего 3 миллиона тонн.
Низкий уровень утилизации - проблема не только в Соединенных Штатах. Только 9 процентов всего пластикового мусора в мире когда-либо перерабатывалось. Двенадцать процентов сгорело. Семьдесят девять процентов скопились на суше или в водных путях. Исследователи сообщили об этих оценках в 2017 году в журнале Science Advances.
№1
ОтветитьУдалитьe.x.6
2. Frank asked her why she had chosen to become a marine biologist.
3. Frank wondered what kind of marine plants and animals she protected at the park.
4. Frank asked her if she looked after any endangered species.
5. Frank wondered if there were any interesting observations she had made.
6. Frank wanted to know if she had published any of her research.
e.x.7
2. asked
3. begged
4. advised
5. suggested
6.ordered
7. told
8. ordered
e.x.8
2. He told him to make himself lunch.
3. He told him to tidy his room.
4. He asked him to feed the dog.
5. He told him not to order anything online.
6. He advised him not to leave any rubbish in the kitchen.
7. He told him to answer the phone.
8. He told him not to take his mother's car.
e.x.9
2. He asked if he could go home then.
3).He told her that she could go in but she would have to be quiet.
4.He asked what time they would arrive in Cairo.
5.He said that she had to try harder if she wanted to succeed.
6.She said that her father would be angry with her if he found out.
7.He told her that she shouldn't drive so fast.
8.He said that he would be able to meet me on Friday.
9.She told him that he had better ask his parents.
10. He told her that he might not be able to meet her at the train station.
Новые технологии рециркуляции позволят не допустить попадания пластика на свалки. Приятно перерабатывать. Когда вы сортируете бутылки с газировкой и полиэтиленовые пакеты от остального мусора, создается впечатление, что вы помогаете планете. Чем больше пластика вы поместите в синюю корзину, тем больше не попадете на свалки, верно?
УдалитьНеправильно. Независимо от того, сколько пластика вы пытаетесь переработать, большая его часть оказывается в мусорной куче.
Возьмите гибкие продуктовые пакеты. Эти пленки состоят из нескольких слоев, каждый из которых сделан из пластика разного типа. Поскольку каждый тип должен быть переработан отдельно, эти пленки не подлежат вторичной переработке. Даже некоторые предметы, сделанные только из одного вида пластика, не подлежат переработке. Например, стаканчики для йогурта содержат пластик, называемый полипропиленом (Pah-lee-PROH-puh-leen). Когда он перерабатывается, он превращается в грубый, темный, пахнущий материал. Так что большинство заводов по переработке не беспокоятся об этом.
В США обычно перерабатывают только два вида пластика. Один из них используется в бутылках из-под газировки. Это называется ПЭТ, сокращенно от полиэтилентерефталата (Pah-lee-ETH-uh-leen TAIR-eh-THAAL-ayt). Другой - пластик в кувшинах для молока и контейнерах для моющих средств. Это полиэтилен высокой плотности, или HDPE. Вместе эти пластмассы составляют лишь небольшую часть пластикового мусора. По данным Агентства по охране окружающей среды США, только в 2018 году в США было захоронено 27 миллионов тонн пластика. Было переработано всего 3 миллиона тонн.
Низкий уровень утилизации - проблема не только в Соединенных Штатах. Только 9 процентов всего пластикового мусора в мире когда-либо перерабатывалось. Двенадцать процентов сгорело. Семьдесят девять процентов скопились на суше или в водных путях. Исследователи сообщили об этих оценках в 2017 году в журнале Science Advances.
Даже когда пластик все-таки перерабатывается, он никуда не годится. Переработка изменяет консистенцию пластика. Поэтому переработанный пластик необходимо смешивать с совершенно новым материалом, чтобы получать прочные изделия. Более того, переработка кучи разноцветного пластика вместе создает темную смесь. Это означает, что из переработанного пластика можно делать только предметы, цвет которых не имеет значения, например скамейки и мусорные баки.
Переработка пластика явно нуждается в улучшении. А с учетом того, что пластик скапливается повсюду, от горных вершин до морского дна, существует острая необходимость в улучшенной переработке. К счастью, химики всего мира занимаются этим делом. Некоторые пытаются упростить переработку большего количества видов пластика. Другие пытаются превратить переработанный пластик в более полезные продукты. Обе стратегии могут сократить количество пластика, попадающего на свалки или в океаны.
Разборка пластика.
УдалитьОдна из серьезных проблем с переработкой отходов заключается в том, что каждый тип пластика должен обрабатываться отдельно. «Большинство пластмасс подобны маслу и воде», - говорит Джеффри Коутс. Он химик в Корнельском университете в Итаке, штат Нью-Йорк. По его словам, пластмассы просто не смешиваются. Возьмем, к примеру, емкость для моющего средства. Кувшин может быть из полиэтилена высокой плотности, но его крышка - из полипропилена. Что произойдет, если завод по переработке переплавит эти два пластика и попытается сделать из смеси новый кувшин? «По сути, это сломало бы бок», - говорит Коутс. «Он безумно хрупкий. Совершенно бесполезный.
Вот почему весь пластик в мусорном баке сначала отправляется на предприятие по утилизации материалов. Там люди и машины сортируют мусор. Затем отсортированный пластик моют, измельчают, плавят и повторно формуют. Система хорошо работает с простыми предметами, такими как бутылки с газировкой и молочники. Но он не работает с такими предметами, как контейнеры с дезодорантом. Бутылка дезодоранта, крышка и рукоятка могут быть из разного пластика.
Пленки для упаковки пищевых продуктов, сделанные из разных слоев пластика, еще сложнее разбирать. Ежегодно по всему миру снимается 100 миллионов тонн этих фильмов. «Все эти фильмы отправляются на свалки», - говорит Джордж Хубер. Он инженер-химик в Университете Висконсин-Мэдисон.
Хубер и его коллеги придумали способ сортировки этих надоедливых смесей пластмасс. Исследователи используют разные жидкости для растворения различных пластиковых частей предмета. По словам Хубера, хитрость заключается в том, чтобы правильно подобрать жидкости, чтобы растворять только один пластик за раз. Эта стратегия была описана 18 ноября прошлого года в журнале Science Advances.
Команда Хубера проверила эту технику на пленке для упаковки пищевых продуктов. Пленка содержала три пластика: полиэтилен, ПЭТ и этиленвиниловый спирт или EVOH. Сначала исследователи размешали пленку в жидкости под названием толуол (TAHL-you-een). Это растворило полиэтиленовый слой. Затем команда Хубера окунула пленку в другое химическое вещество, чтобы удалить EVOH. Исследователи вытащили оставшуюся ПЭТ-пленку и отложили в сторону. Чтобы извлечь два других пластика из жидкостей, исследователи добавили «антирастворители». Эти химические вещества заставляли молекулы пластика, дрейфующие в жидкостях, слипаться, чтобы их впоследствии можно было выловить.
30.04✅
ОтветитьУдалитьGrammar.
Ex.6
Frank asked why I choose to become a marine biologist.
Frank wonder what kind of marine plants and animals I protected at the park.
Frank ask to me whether I looked after any endangered species.
Frank wonder if I had made any interesting observation.
Frank want to know if I have published any my research.
Ex.7
Asked
Begged
Told
Suggested
Ordered
Told
Ordered
Ex.8
He told him to make hisself lunch.
He asked him to tidy his room.
He asked him to feed the dog.
He told him not to anything online.
He order him not to leave any rubbish in the kitchen.
He said him to answer the phone.
He asked him not to take mother’s car.
Ex.9
He asked if he can go home at the time.
He said to her that she could come in, but she would have to be quiet.
He asked what time would we arrive in Cairo.
He said that she must try harder if she wants to succeed.
She said that her father would be angry with her if he find out.
He said to her that she shouldn’t drive so fast.
He said that he could meet me on Friday.
She said to him to better ask him parents.
He said to her that he might not able to meet me at the train station.
Vocabulary.
If we heat the substance for a long time, then we will reach a critical temperature.
A material is a crystal if it has a predominantly sharp diffraction pattern.
Derivatives of benzene and cycloalkanes can be classified as cyclic hydrocarbons.
См.выше.
If we carry out ozonation of cycloalkene, then we get dial.
Cycloalkynes have no practical application due to their instability.
The Dalton’s law of partial pressures was discovered in 1801.
The decay series ends when a stable nuclide is reached.
When the calcium carbonate is heated, a decomposition reaction occurs.
Thanks to the delocalized electrons, the molecules become more.
It is a known fact that the density of ice is lower than that of water.
The term dependent variable is used not only in mathematics, but in chemistry.
One of the ways to purify a substance is by sedimentation.
Derived units can be expressed in terms of basic ones using mathematical operations - multiplication and division.
Такого понятия нет.
Gases such as hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen are diatomic molecules.
Diffusion in solids is very slow.
Dilute solutions of acids are used as catalysts in organic reactions.
Dimensional analysis of technological processes solves a wide range of technical problems.
A standard example of a dipole is two charges of equal magnitude and opposite in sign.
Reading.
Одна из больших проблем, связанных с переработкой, заключается в том, что каждый тип пластика должен обрабатываться отдельно. “Большинство пластмасс похожи на масло и воду", - говорит Джеффри Коутс. Он химик из Корнельского университета в Итаке, штат Нью-Йорк, говорит, что пластмассы просто не смешиваются. Возьмем, к примеру, контейнер для моющего средства. Кувшин может быть из пластика HDPE, но его крышка из полипропилена. Что произойдет, если завод по переработке отходов расплавит эти два пластика вместе и попытается сделать новый кувшин из смеси? “Это в основном разрушило бы корпус", - говорит Коутс. “Она получилась бы безумно хрупкой и совершенно бесполезной.”
Вот почему весь пластик, находящийся в мусорном ведре, сначала отправляется в центр утилизации материалов. Там люди и машины сортируют мусор. Затем сортированные пластмассы промывают, измельчают, плавят и повторно формуют. Система хорошо работает для простых предметов, таких как бутылки с содовой и молочные кувшины. Но это не работает для таких предметов, как контейнеры для дезодорантов. Флакон дезодоранта, колпачок и рукоятка могут быть из разных пластмасс.
Пленки для упаковки пищевых продуктов, изготовленные из различных слоев пластика, еще труднее разобрать. Каждый год по всему миру производится 100 миллионов тонн этих плёнок. Все эти пленки отправляются на свалки, говорит Джордж Хубер. Он инженер–химик в Университете Висконсин-Мэдисон.
Силютин Александр
ОтветитьУдалить1)
№6
Frank asked why I choose to become a marine biologist.
Frank wonder what kind of marine plants and animals I protected at the park.
Frank ask to me whether I looked after any endangered species.
Frank wonder if I had made any interesting observation.
Frank want to know if I have published any my research.
№7
Asked
Begged
Told
Suggested
Ordered
Told
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№8
He told him to make his-self lunch.
He asked him to tidy his room.
He asked him to feed the dog.
He told him not to anything online.
He ordered him not to leave any rubbish in the kitchen.
He said him to answer the phone.
He asked him not to take mother’s car.
№9
He asked if he can go home at the time.
He said to her that she could come in, but she would have to be quiet.
He asked what time would we arrive in Cairo.
He said that she must try harder if she wants to succeed.
She said that her father would be angry with her if he find out.
He said to her that she shouldn’t drive so fast.
He said that he could meet me on Friday.
She said to him to better ask him parents.
He said to her that he might not able to meet me at the train station.
3) Equilibrium is the condition where products and reactants freely interchange. The free energy difference between the products and the reactants is 0, so there's no energy penalty to switch back and forth. And they do so freely. Now at equilibrium, the products or the reactants may be favored. If the products are favored, that implies a standard state free energy difference that's less than 0, a negative standard state free energy, and a equilibrium constant that's greater than 1. So those two things are correlated. The standard state free energy is the free energy difference between all the products and reactants at 1 atmosphere, if they're gases, 1 molar if they're a concentration, or a pure solid or pure liquid. So if I looked at this in the standard state, I'd have 1 molar d and c, 1 molar a and b. And the free energy difference between those would be the standard free energy difference. Now that's not the equilibrium situation. Obviously, if I have 1 molar of everything, that's an arbitrary standard condition that I've chosen. But if the standard state free energy difference is negative, less than 0, that indicates that at equilibrium, the products will be favored.
Силютин Александр
УдалитьIf the standard free energy difference is greater than 0, it's positive, then at equilibrium, the reactants will be favored. K greater than 1 indicates products will be favored. K less than 1 indicates reactants will be favored. So there's a correlation between the magnitude of K and the magnitude of delta G standard. In fact, you can say, for standard state free energies, negative, less than 0, that's a spontaneous reaction. We say it favors products. That's also true for K greater than 1. Products over reactants, if the product is larger than reactants, then that's greater than 1 in the ratio. And that's a K greater than 1. Products are favored. So if both of these favor products, spontaneous is the label we give them. Now notice that that label, spontaneous, means products are favored at equilibrium. It doesn't have anything to do with the rate of the reaction or how fast we get there. It just means that once we get to equilibrium, the products are favored. The other situation where delta G standard is positive that says, if you have 1 molar and 1 atmosphere of everything, I tend to go back towards reactants to get to equilibrium, then reactants are favored at equilibrium and K is less than 1. Those are called not spontaneous reactions or non spontaneous. Now just because a reaction is non spontaneous does not mean it doesn't form any products. It doesn't mean the reaction doesn't go. It just means when I get to equilibrium, it's the reactants that are favored. There will be some products, but the reactants are favored. They're in higher concentrations or pressures, in general. If the standard free energy difference is 0, and that would be a strange situation, that would say if everything is 1 molar and 1 atmosphere, that the reaction's at equilibrium. And of course K would be equal to 1, because you would put in 1 for every pressureor every concentration, and you'd get a K equal to 1. So if it were the case where, say these were all gases and A, B, C and D were all one atmosphere of pressure, and that turned out to be the equilibrium situation, then K would be 1 and the free energy difference between the products and the reactants would be 0, because the equilibrium situation means the pressures don't change from those pressures. They stay at 1. Standard free energy 0, K equal 1. Not a common situation, but mathematically, it's one we can think about. So in general, we have a relationship between delta G and K that we have now intuitive. K is less than 1, delta G greater than 0. K is greater than 1, delta G less than 0. So that behaves like a natural log function. Here, if you take the natural log of K, and you go to K is greater than one, that's positive. Put a negative sign in front of that, that would give you negative delta G's. So K's greater than 1 give you negative delta G's for this natural log function. And when you go to a fraction less than 1, the natural log function becomes negative. Multiply that times a negative, and you get a positive sign. So that accounts for this relationship. A K less than 1, a fraction, gives you a negative natural log and a positive delta G. So this relationship, delta G standard is minus R, the gas constant, T, the temperature, natural log of K is the relationship that we intuitively kind of understood from the magnitudes of these.
Силютин Александр
УдалитьIt's the mathematical relationship between delta G standard and K. Of course, you could also solve for K. K is exponential delta G standard minus over RT. So these two relationships allow us to switch between free energies and equilibrium constants analytically. That is, we could look up standard state free energies, calculate the standard state free energy difference for a reaction, and calculate the value of K. So you can see the power of the thermodynamics as they relate to each other. Tables of standard state free energies give you equilibrium constants and tell you how a reaction is favored at equilibrium, products or reactants.
That's the nature of the relationship between the standard state free energy and the equilibrium constant, K.
4) Many of us have played games or watched professional players in these games. And everyone probably admired their playable character. These are the so-called AVATARS. These are models of their playable characters. Every self-respecting person has their own unique game avatar, on which they spent a lot of time to create. Many avatars match the tastes and style of the person who created them. Therefore, we can say that an avatar is a reflection of the person who created it.
5) Изготовление смеси пластмасс
Возможны короткие пути к переработке несортированных смесей пластмасс. Химические вещества, называемые «компатибилизаторами», помогают смешивать различные пластмассы. Не существует химического вещества, которое позволяет смешивать все виды пластика. Но команда Коутса сделала так, чтобы объединить полиэтилен и полипропилен. Это может значительно упростить переработку. Эти два пластика составляют основную часть мирового пластикового мусора.
Новый компатибилизатор содержит специально разработанные молекулы. Каждая молекула состоит из четырех частей. Два куска полиэтилена чередуются с двумя кусками полипропилена. Эти сегменты цепляются за пластиковые молекулы одного и того же вида в смеси. Это как если бы полиэтилен был сделан из Лего, а полипропилен - из Дупло. Молекула компатибилизатора похожа на соединитель, который подходит для обоих типов блоков. Это помогает молекулам полиэтилена и полипропилена соединяться. Исследователи сообщили об этой работе в 2017 году в журнале Science.
Первое испытание этого компатибилизатора включало его использование в качестве клея. Команда Коутса нанесла слой химического вещества между полосой полиэтилена и полосой полипропилена. Затем исследователи попытались отделить пластик. Два пластика обычно легко разделяются. Но с клеем между ними пластиковые полоски порвались раньше пломбы.